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Psychometrics

Research Methods in Psychology: Evaluating a World of Information Chapter 3

Subject: 
Psychology
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Validity
Statistics
Philosophy of science
Science
Knowledge
Psychometrics
Design of experiments
Educational psychology
Internal validity
External validity
Causality
Construct validity

Chapter 3 Variables ? something that varies; must have at least 2 levels, values Constant ? something that could potentially vary but has only 1 level in the study in question Measured vs Manipulated Variables Measured variables ? recording an observation, a statement or a value some variables cannot be manipulated, only measured (eg. gender, IQ, traits such as depression) Manipulated variables ? controlling levels of variable by assigning participants to different levels of that variable some variables cannot be manipulated; it would be unethical (eg.assign children to ?high-quality school? or ?low-quality school? conditions)

Public Opinion

Subject: 
US Gov and Politics
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public opinion
political science
Survey methodology
Statistics
Social Psychology
Crowd psychology
Opinion poll
Psychometrics
sampling
Political Socialization
September 11 attacks opinion polls
Social Issues
Politics

Public Opinion (how people feel about things) and the Media most Americans= general public- care about the political issues that affect their day-to-day lives directly issue public- focus on one political issue- based on voters activity on the issue Characteristics of Public Opinion Saliency- degree to which it is important to a person or group of people Intensity- how strong people feel about a particular issue Stability- how public opinion changes over time measured indirectly through elections and directly through public opinion polls Polls Measure Public Opinion method of random sampling- poll what people in an area think on a particular subject sampling error- how far off the poll results may be Where does Public Opinion Come From?

Names of Psychologists

Subject: 
Psychology
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Mind
Psychology
behavior
Mental processes
Psychotherapy
Clinical psychology
Psychometrics
Behavioural sciences
Alfred Binet
Hypnosis
Sigmund Freud
Dream

Psychologists Alfred Adler Neo-Freudian but disagreed with Freud?s emphasis on the unconscious, instinctual drives, and the importance of sexuality and had a more positive view Believed we are social creatures governed by social urges, we strive for superiority Talked about how people attempt to compensate for their shortcomings Mary Ainsworth Secure attachment- stable and positive Anxious-Ambivalent- desire to be with a parent and some resistance to being reunited Avoidant- tendency to avoid reunion with parent Gordon Allport Trait Theorist Central- the core traits that characterize an individual personality Secondary- traits that are inconsistent or relatively superficial Cardinal- so basic that all of a person?s activities relate to it Solomon Asch

Psychology: Themes and Variations by Wayne Weiten, 8th edition chapter 8 definitions

Subject: 
Psychology
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Mind
cognitive science
Science
Cognition
Psychometrics
Neuropsychological assessment
Problem solving
intelligence
Bounded rationality
Heuristic
Decision making
Rationality
cogition and intelligence

Chapter 8 Cognition and Intelligence Glossary Availability heuristic Basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind. Bounded rationality The idea that people tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus on only a few facets of available options and often result in ?irrational? decisions that are less than optimal. See Theory of bounded rationality. Conjunction fallacy An error that occurs when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone. Convergent thinking Narrowing down a list of alternatives to converge on a single correct answer. Correlation coefficient

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