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| 10778959836 | Code of Hammurabi: | a written code of rules that guided the ancient society of Babylon; dates back to 1772 B.C. |  | 0 |
| 10778959837 | Cradle of civilization: | Commonly used term for southern Mesopotamia (in present-day Iraq). |  | 1 |
| 10778959839 | Epic of Gilgamesh: | An epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing. |  | 2 |
| 10778959840 | Harappa: | a large ancient city of the Indus civilization, created in present-day Pakistan |  | 3 |
| 10778959841 | Hatshepsut: | First female pharaoh who expanded Egypt through trade |  | 4 |
| 10778959842 | Hebrews: | Early group of people who lived in lands between Mesopotamia and Egypt. They developed the religion Judaism. |  | 5 |
| 10778959843 | Hieroglyphs | a stylized picture of an object representing a word, syllable, or sound, as found in ancient Egyptian and other writing systems. |  | 6 |
| 10797114938 | Hittites: | The group of people who toppled the Babylonian empire and were responsible for two technological innovations--the war chariots and refinement of iron metallurgy. |  | 7 |
| 10797114939 | Hyksos: | a group of nomadic invaders from southwest Asia who ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 B.C. |  | 8 |
| 10797114940 | Indus Valley: | home of a major civilization that emerged in what is now Pakistan during the third millennium BCE in the valleys of the Indus and Saraswati rivers, noted for the uniformity of its elaborately planned cities over a large territory |  | 9 |
| 10797114941 | Mandate of Heaven: | in Chinese history, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority |  | 10 |
| 10797114942 | Mesopotamia: | A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires. |  | 11 |
| 10797114943 | Minoan civilization: | An advanced civilization that developed on the island of Crete around 2500 B.C.E. |  | 12 |
| 10797114944 | Mohenjo Daro: | Indus Valley city laid out in a grid pattern. Had a complex irrigation and sewer system. | 13 | |
| 10797114945 | Norte Chico/Caral: | Norte Chico is a region along the central coast of Peru, home of a civilization that developed in the period 3000-1800 B.C.E. Caral was the largest of some twenty-five urban centers that emerged in the area at that time. |  | 14 |
| 10797114946 | Nubia | A civilization to the south of Egypt in the Nile Valley, noted for development of an alphabetic writing system and a major iron working industry by 500 BCE |  | 15 |
| 10797114947 | Olmec civilization | earliest known American civilization, located in southern Mexico and known for its pyramids and huge stone heads |  | 16 |
| 10797114948 | oracle bones | The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period. | 17 | |
| 10797114949 | patriarchy | A form of social organization in which males dominate females |  | 18 |
| 10797114950 | pharaoh: | A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader. |  | 19 |
| 10797114951 | Phoenicians: | located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds rather than symbols like cuneiform |  | 20 |
| 10797114952 | pyramid: | Huge, triangular shaped burial tombs of Egyptian pharaohs built during the Old Kingdom |  | 21 |
| 10797114953 | Quipu | An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information. |  | 22 |
| 10797114954 | salinization: | Process that occurs when soils in arid areas are brought under cultivation through irrigation. In arid climates, water evaporates quickly off the ground surface, leaving salty residues that render the soil infertile. |  | 23 |
| 10797114955 | Sanxingdui: | A large city in China which was filled with bronze resources. This civilization arose separately but at the same time as the Shang dynasty. |  | 24 |
| 10797114956 | Shang dynasty: | Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting. |  | 25 |
| 10797114957 | Son of Heaven: | Title of the ruler of China, first known from the Zhou dynasty. It acknowledges the ruler's position as intermediary between heaven and earth. |  | 26 |
| 10797114958 | Teotihuacán: | The largest city of pre-Columbian America, with a population between 100,000 and 200,000; seemingly built to a plan in the Valley of Mexico, flourished between 300 and 600 C.E., during which time it governed or influenced much of the surrounding region. The name is an Aztec term meaning "city of the gods." |  | 27 |
| 10797114959 | Uruk: | A Large Sumerian city-state in Mesopotamia. |  | 28 |
| 10797114960 | Xia dynasty: | This was the earliest known dynasty. There is no written evidence of this early time period, but artifacts have been found. The people of this time were farmers and made pottery. |  | 29 |
| 10797114961 | Zhou dynasty: | (1050BC-400BC) Longest dynasty in Chinese history. Established a new political order with king at the highest level, then lords and warriors and then peasants. |  | 30 |
| 10797114962 | ziggurat: | massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown. |  | 31 |
| 10799234399 | Cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets. |  | 32 |
