Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

81001746	macromolecule	a giant molecule of living matter formed by the joining of smaller molecules usually by condensation synthesis
81001747	polymer	a long molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks linked by covalent bonds
81001748	monomers	the small repeating molecules that serve as the building blocks of polymers
81001749	condensation reaction	a reaction connecting monomers in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water molecule
81001750	dehydration reaction	a reaction in which a molecule loses water (also called a condensation reaction)
81001751	hydrolysis	a process that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction. It breaks bonds between monomers with the addition of a water molecule
81027554	carbohydrates	a group including both sugars and their polymers
81027555	monosaccharides	the simplest carbohydrate active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysacharides. Also known as simple sugars, the molecular formulas are generally multiple of CH2O
81027556	disaccharide	consists of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage
81027557	glycosidic linkage	a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
81027558	polysaccharides	a polymer of up to a thousand monosaccharides, formed by condensation synthesis
81027559	starch	a storage polysaccharide of plants, its a polymer consisting entirely of glucose monomers
81027560	glycogen	an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscles of animals; the animal equivalent of starch
81027561	cellulose	a polysaccharide that is the major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells
81027562	chitin	the carbohydrate used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons
81027563	lipids	compounds with no affinity to water and do not include polymers
81027564	fat	large molecules constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids
81027565	fatty acid	has a long carbon chain varying in the length, location and number of double bonds
81027566	triacylglycerol	a fat consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule
81027567	saturated fatty acid	a fatty acid in which all carbon in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton
81027568	unsaturated fatty acid	a fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail
81027569	phospholipids	similar to fats, but they have only two fatty acids rather than three
81027570	steroids	lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
81027571	cholesterol	a steroid that is a common component of animal cell membranes and is also the precursor from which other steroids are synthesized
81027572	proteins	account for more than 50% of he dry weight of most cells and are instrumental in almost everything organisms do
81027573	conformation	a protein's unique three-dimensional shape
81027574	polypeptides	polymers of amino acids
81027575	amino acids	organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups
81027576	peptide bond	the covalent bond between two amino acid units formed by condensation synthesis
81027577	primary structure	the unique sequence of amino acids
81027578	secondary structure	the coils and folds of segments of a protein's polypeptide chain contributing to the protein's overall conformation
81027579	alpha helix	a secondary structure that is a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid
81027580	pleated sheet	a type of secondary structure in which two regions of the polypeptide chain lie parallel to each other
81027581	tertiary structure	superimposed on patterns of secondary structures consisting of irregular contortions from bonding between side chains of the various amino acids
81027582	hydrophobic interaction	a type of weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude the water
81027583	disulfide bridges	covalent bonds that reinforce the conformation of proteins
81027584	quaternary structure	is the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of polypeptide subunits
81027585	denaturation	when the pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other aspects of its environment are altered, the protein may unravel and lose its native conformation
81027586	chaperone proteins	molecules that function as temporary braces in assisting the folding of other proteins
81027587	gene	a unit of inheritance that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
81027588	nucleic acids	a class of compounds containing polymers such as DNA
81027589	deoxyribonucleic acid	a type of nucleic acid that is capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cells proteins
81027590	ribonucleic acid	type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil
81027591	nucleotides	polymers of monomers consisting of nucleotides
81027592	pyrimidine	a family of nitrogenous bases that has a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms
81027593	purines	a family of nitrogenous bases that has a six-membered ring fused to a five membered ring
81027594	ribose	the pentose connected to the nitrogenous base in the nucleotides of RNA
81027595	deoxyribose	the pentose connected to the nitrogenous base in the nucleotides of DNA
81028536	polynucleotide	(nucleic acid polymer) nucleotides joined by covalent bonds called phosphodiester linkages between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of another
81028537	double helix	the imaginary axis the DNA molecules of cells consisting of two polynucleotides spiral around