Unit I: Memory Chapter 8

143876692	memory	the persistence of learning over time; storage and retrieval of information
143876693	flashbulb memory	a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event (ex. 9/11)
143876694	encoding	1st step of information processing/memory storage; how we get information into our brain; input is translated into something meaningful to be remembered; encoded meaning
143876695	storage	2nd step of information processing/memory storage; retaining and storing info for long periods of time
143876696	retrieval	3rd step of information processing/memory storage; getting the memory back out; retrieving the memory
143876697	three-stage processing	Atkinson and Shiffrin's 3-stage memory model; 1. info is recorded as sensory memory, 2. processed into short-term memory, 3. encoded for long-term memory
143876698	sensory memory	the immediate, very brief, initial recording of sensory info in the memory system; includes most immediate thoughts
143876699	short-term memory	memory that holds a few items briefly before they are stored or forgotten; includes some important thoughts; can remember up to 7 things (ex. phone numbers)
143876700	long-term memory	the permanent and limitless storehouse of memory; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
143876701	working memory	a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on consciousness, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spacial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
143876702	automatic processing	unconscious, automatic encoding of space, time, and frequency and of well-learned information, such as word meanings; (ex. remembering where you ate yesterday)
143876703	effortful processing	encoding that requires attention and conscious effort; (ex. studying - what you're doing right now)
143876704	rehearsal	the conscious repetition of information; used to encode for storage; as it increases, re-learning time decreases
143876705	spacing effect	the tendency for study that is SPACED over longer periods of time to yield better results than studying the night before
143876706	serial position effect	tendency to remember the first and last items better than the rest; remember things because of their POSITION
143876707	visual encoding	remembering images and visuals
143876708	acoustic encoding	remembering sounds, especially word sounds (ex. it's easier to remember rhymes)
143876709	semantic encoding	the encoding of meaning;remembering meaning (ex. word meaning)
143876710	imagery	mental pictures; powerful aid to effortful processing
143876711	mnemonic devices	memory aids; includes method of loci, peg-word system, acronyms
143876712	method of loci	Greek mnemonic device; scholars would imagine themselves in different LOCations and associated each place with an image of the to-be-remembered topic
143876713	peg-word system	associating an idea with a peg word; (ex. one is a bun, two is a shoe, three is a tree...I want to remember to buy carrots at the store, so I image a carrot-flavored bun.)
143876714	chunking	organizing items into meaningful, familiar categories; often occurs automatically; (it's easier to remember 1492 and 1812 instead of 1,4,9,2,1,8,1,2,)
143876715	acronym	creating words or setences from the first letters of words to be remembered (ex. ROY G. BIV)
143876716	IConic memory	a photographIC memory lasting for a few tenths of a second; everyone has it; discovered by Sperling
143876717	echoic memory	a momentary audio memory of a sound; sounds, words, and ECHOES can be remembered within 3 to 4 seconds, even if attention is elsewhere
143876718	long-term potentiation	LTP; proLONGed strengthening of POTENTIAL neuron firing; by stimulating certain neural connections repeated, they become more efficient at releasing neurotransmitters; neural basis for learning and memory
143876719	amnesia	the loss of memory
143876720	implicit memory	learning still occurs, but the person doesn't remember what they have learned; implied memories; also called procedural memory or nondeclarative memory (ex. amnesia patient plays golf a lot and gets good at it, but can't remember ever playing golf)
143876721	explicit memory	memory of facts that one can consciously known and DECLARE; also known as declarative memory; one can EXPLICITLY declare that they remember the experience or fact
143876722	hippocampus	the neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories for storage; (ex. We don't remember our first 3 years because the this is the last brain structure to develop, yet we still remember how to crawl and eat and breathe)
143876723	cerebellum	processing site for implicit memories; memories for skills and conditioned associations are kept here
143876724	amygdala	stores implicit emotional memories; damage to this brain area prevents one from learning to fear
143876726	recall	ability to retrieve information not in conscious awareness (ex. fill-in-the-blank test)
143876727	recognition	ability to identify items previously learned (ex. multiple-choice test)
143876728	relearning	a memory measure that assess the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
143876729	priming	identifying the strands that lead to a specific memory held in storage; prime the mind to get the specific details out
143876730	deja vu	"I've seen this before"; cues from your current situation my subconsciously trigger retrieval of past memories
143876731	mood-congruent memory	tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
143876734	misattribution	confusing the source of info (ex. remembering a movie scene as a real life event)
143876736	proactive interference	when stuff you learned in the past interferes with what you're learning now (ex. Grandma can never be a computer PRO because she thinks the computer is an old typewriter.) PORN--Proactive--Old info interferes with new; Retroactive--New interferes with old.
143876737	retroactive interference	when new information makes it harder to remember old information; (ex. There are so many new styles out nowadays that I can't remember the old RETRO clothing styles!) PORN--Proactive--Old info interferes with new; Retroactive--New interferes with old.
143876739	misinformation effect	incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event (ex. How fast were the cars going when they SMASHED into eachother?)
143876740	source amnesia	also called misattribution; attributing the wrong source to an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (ex. remembering a movie scene as something the really happened)