US History Era 6: The Early Republic

Based on SparkNotes Study Cards. Improved for Reznick's students.

	This 1795 treaty with Spain is also known as Pinckney's Treaty. It gave the US unrestricted access to the Mississippi River and established the border between the US and Spanish Florida.
	This man emerged as a major political figure during the debate over the Constitution as the outspoken author of the Federalist Papers. He later served as secretary of the treasury under Washington and spearheaded the government's Federalist initiatives, most notably through the creation of the Bank of the United States.
	This man was the leading opponent of Alexander Hamilton and became the third president of the United States (1801-1809). He resigned as George Washington's first secretary of state in response to Hamilton's continued efforts to centralize power in the national government. Along with James Madison, he took up the cause of the strict constructionists who wanted to limit federal power. As president he doubled the size of the nation through the Louisiana Purchase and struggled to maintain American neutrality in foreign affairs.
	This man played an important role in the establishment of the new government under the Constitution. One of the authors of The Federalist Papers, he was involved in the drafting of the Constitution. He was also the first chief justice of the Supreme Court.
	Invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney. This machine separated the fibers of short-staple cotton from the seeds. By making plantations more efficient and profitable, this invention helped lead to a cotton-dominated economy in the South and a revitalization of the domestic slave trade
	This British policy from the early 1800s involved forcibly boarding American ships in search of British naval deserters whom they would force back into the navy. Often, naturalized or native-born Americans were also seized, provoking outrage in America. This was one of many actions that helped spark the War of 1812.
	This two-year depression was caused by extensive speculation, the loose lending practices of state banks, a decline in European demand for American staple goods, and mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. This economic crisis exacerbated social divisions within the United States and is often called the beginning of the end of the Era of Good Feelings.
	These laws were passed by Federalists in 1798 in response to the XYZ Affair and growing public support for the Jeffersonian Republicans. On the grounds of "national security," these laws increased the number of years required to gain citizenship, allowed for the imprisonment and deportation of aliens, and suspended freedom of speech. Popular dissatisfaction with these laws helped Jefferson's bid for presidency in 1800 and led to the VA & KY Resolutions--the nation's first nullification crisis.
	This 1815 battle was the last of the War of 1812, and it actually occurred after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed because Americans were unaware of the treaty. General Andrew Jackson successfully defended New Orleans against thousands of British troops, making himself a national hero and making Americans feel nationalistic--that they were one of the top world powers (even though the war itself ended in stalemate).
	Chartered in 1791, this controversial institution was a key part of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist economic program.
	As a result of this 1811 battle between future president William Henry Harrison and the Shawnee, the US more firmly secured the territory it claimed in Ohio and Indiana. The battle was the source of Harrison's 1840 campaign slogan and song, "Tippecanoe and Tyler too."
	This informal method of selecting presidential candidates was used during the early years of the US until the election of 1824, when this system became viewed as elitist and undemocratic. Under this method the public had no voice in the nomination process, instead leaving the choice up to a centralized group of politicians based in Washington, DC.
	This man was sent to the US in 1793 by the new French government following the French Revolution. Although a diplomat, he openly sought American aid in France's conflicts with Britain and Spain. Because the US had already declared itself neutral in the conflict, Washington had this man deported.
	A law that was endorsed by Thomas Jefferson and passed in December 1807 that ended all importation and exportation of goods in the US. The act was a response to the Chesapeake-Leopard affair. This law failed to put enough economic pressure on the French and British to force those nations to recognize US trading neutrality rights, and the law hurt the American economy more than it did Britain's or France's. It was repealed in March 1809.
	This era of one-party rule, nationalism, and cooperation lasted from the end of the War of 1812 (in 1815) and the rise of Andrew Jackson in 1828. At the center was James Monroe's presidency, during which Monroe strove to avoid political conflict and strengthen American nationalism and pride.
	This Connecticut meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 led to the downfall that party. The England-based party enumerated its complaints against the ruling Republicans, protested the war, and even debated the possibility of making a separate peace with England. The men who attended were viewed as traitors when the war ended and news of this meeting reached the rest of the country.
	This man served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 until his death in 1835. Under his leadership, the Court became as powerful a federal force as the executive and legislative branches (especially through Marbury v. Madison). During James Monroe's term in office, this man delivered two 1819 rulings that curtailed states' rights and exposed latent conflicts during the Era of Good Feelings.
	These documents were passed by two state legislatures in 1798 in protest to the Alien and Sedition Acts. James Madison and Thomas Jefferson drafted these documents to condemn the Federalists' broad interpretation of the Constitution and to advocate a compact theory of the Union, which stated that states' rights superseded federal powers. The implicit argument was that a state could supercede a federal government decision and could nullify a law that seemed unconstitutional.
	This 1795 treaty with England led to the removal of British troops from American land and opened up limited trade with the British West Indies, but said nothing about British seizure of American ships or the impressment of American sailors. The American public criticized the treaty for favoring Britain, but it was one of the greatest diplomatic feats of the Washington administration because it preserved peace with Britain.
	This law formally created the American court system, establishing a federal district court in each state and giving the Supreme Court final jurisdiction in all legal matters.
	This principle was established by Chief Justice John Marshall in Marbury v. Madison (1803). This doctrine claims that the Supreme Court could declare an act of Congress unconstitutional.
	Through this 1803 action, Jefferson nearly doubled America's territory by gaining land from Napoleon and opened the West to exploration and settlement. This acquisition also caused strife in the form of border disputes with foreign powers as well as congressional debates over the admission of new states from the region (whether they would be slave-holding or free).
	These two men were hired by Thomas Jefferson to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase. They traveled 3,000 miles between 1804 and 1806, collecting scientific data and specimens and charting the territory to the west of the Mississippi. Their journey spurred national interest in exploration and settlement of the West.
	This law helped lead to the War of 1812. It was an 1810 ploy to induce either Britain or France to lift trade restrictions. Under the proposed law, the US promised to lift trade sanctions if one country agreed to free trade with the US. The US would then trade with that nation and reimpose sanctions on the other nation. Napoleon pretended to agree, then backed out of his promise, but damage was already done to US-British relations before American policy could be adjusted again.
	Under this 1820 agreement, __________ entered the Union as a slave state, Maine entered as a free state, and slavery was prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory north of the 36°30' line.
	This foreign policy issued in December 1823 asserted that the political systems of the Western Hemisphere and Europe were different, that the Americas were no longer open to European colonization or influence, and that the US would respond with force to any attempt to recolonize newly-independent nations in the Americas. The US wasn't powerful enough to act on this policy for many years, but it paved the way for US dominance of the Western Hemisphere.
	After the repeal of the Embargo Act, this 1809 law restricted trade with Britain and France only, opening up trade with all other foreign ports.
	In the early 1790s, Britain and France went to war with each other. The American public was torn over which nation to support: the South largely backed France, while the North favored the British. This 1793 announcement was George Washington's response to the public division--a decision that the US would not get involved in the war.
	This was an undeclared naval war between France and the US during 1798-1800. At the expense of his own popularity, President Adams refused to seek a formal declaration of war on France.
	A Native American woman who proved an indispensable guide to Lewis and Clark during their 1804-1806 expedition. She showed the men how to forage for food and helped them maintain good relations with tribes in the Northwest.
	This uprising began in August 1786 in western Massachusetts. A group of farmers led by a Revolutionary War veteran violently tried to shut down three county courthouses in order to prevent foreclosure proceedings. The rebellion was put down by a private militia hired by the wealthy Bostonians, but it alerted many government officials to the weaknesses of the nation under the Articles of Confederation.
	This institution was chartered in 1816 under President Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks. It became unpopular after being blamed for the panic of 1819, and suspicion of corruption and mismanagement haunted it until its charter expired in 1836. Jackson fought against this institution throughout his presidency, proclaiming it to be an unconstitutional extension of the federal government and a tool that rich capitalists used to corrupt American society.
	The Shawnee chief who tried to unite Native American tribes in Ohio and Indiana to thwart white settlement. His forces were defeated in the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe. He later allied with the British during the War of 1812.
	Also known as the Adams-Onis Treaty, this agreement was signed in 1819 between the US and Spain. Through this treaty, Spain gave Florida to the US and agreed to a southern border of the US for all land west of the Mississippi.
	Signed on Christmas Eve in 1814, this treaty ended the War of 1812, with all territory between both nations remaining unchanged.
	This 1819 amendment to the bill for Missouri's admission to the Union sought to prohibit the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and would have mandated the emancipation of slaves' children. The proposal was blocked by the Senate, but it sparked intense congressional debate over the balance of slave and free states. This debate ended with the MO Compromise.
	As president from 1817 until 1825, he presided during the core of the Era of Good Feelings.
	Before he became fourth president of the United States (1809-1817), he began his political career as a Federalist in seeking to ratify the Constitution. He was one of the authors of The Federalist Papers and a staunch advocate of strong central government. But he later became critical of excessive power in central government and joined Thomas Jefferson in leading the Republican Party.
	As America's second president, he served from 1797 to 1801. He was the second and final Federalist president, and he supported a powerful centralized government. His most notable actions in office were preventing a full war with France and overseeing the passage of the unpopular Alien and Sedition Acts.
	First president of the United States, Commander in chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. He defined the role of the president by setting several precedents: he intervened little in legislative affairs and concentrated mostly on diplomacy and finance, he supported Alexander Hamilton's economic campaign, and after serving two terms in office he established an unofficial policy that presidents should serve no more than two terms in office.
	A July 1794 riot that broke out in western Pennsylvania in response to a high excise tax on ______ initiated by Alexander Hamilton. In a show of national strength, President George Washington led a force of militiamen to crush this uprising.
	Conflict between the US and Great Britain from 1812-14. It ended in stalemate with the Treaty of Ghent, but the American public believed the US had won the war after news spread of General Andrew Jackson's decisive victory at the Battle of New Orleans, which occurred two weeks after the signing of the treaty. For years following this apparent victory, an ebullient spirit of nationalism and optimism pervaded America.
	A group of westerners and southerners led by John Calhoun and Henry Clay who pushed for war against Britain. These politicians objected to Britain's hostile policies against US ships, including impressment and the seizure of shipping goods, and advocated fighting instead of submitting to such treatment. They also hoped that through war, the US would win western, southwestern, and Canadian territories.
	During this scandal three unnamed French diplomats demanded a bribe from Americans in exchange for negotiation rights with French foreign minister Charles de Talleyrand. The Americans had been seeking an end to continued French aggression at sea. When John Adams's diplomats returned to the US with a story of what had happened, the public was outraged, and some called for war.
	Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.