Campbell 50-54 Ecology
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More difficult for organisms to survive in smaller environments. | ||
Maximum population size a particular environment can support. | ||
Traits selected that helps organisms to survive in crowded environments (defensive eating) | ||
Traits selected that help organisms survive in uncrowded environments | ||
Single reproductive opportunity to reproduce a large number of offspring (big bang reproduction) | ||
(repeated reproduction) large number of offspring over many years | ||
total primary production of an ecosystem | ||
equal to gross productivity minus energy used by primary producers for respiration | ||
decomposer, consumes nonliving organic material | ||
herbivore, organism that eats plants or algae | ||
carnivores that eat herbivores | ||
carnivores that eat other carnivores | ||
autotroph, usually a photosynthetic organism, first tropic level | ||
Organism that eats herbivores. | ||
Organism that eats primary carnivores. | ||
step in the movement of energy through an ecosystem; an organism's feeding status in an ecosystem. | ||
(+/-) predator eats prey | ||
(-/-) both organisms work for same resources | ||
(+/o) one organism benefits the other is neither helped or harmed | ||
(+/+) both organisms are helped | ||
bright coloration indicates poisonous to predators | ||
coloration that allows organism to blend into surrounding environment | ||
a defense in which one organism resembles another that is dangerous or poisonous | ||
mutual mimicry (bees and hornets) 2 dangerous species mimic each other | ||
1 harmless species mimics a dangerous species | ||
Tendency for a characteristic to be divergent when two different species are living sympatrically | ||
2 similar species compete for the same resources, one population uses resources more efficiently will eliminate the other species | ||
the sum total of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment | ||
the entire range of conditions an organism can tolerate | ||
the part of its fundamental niche that a species actually occupies | ||
foraging behavior is compromise a between feeding costs vs. feeding benefits | ||
division of resources/niches by coexisting species | ||
No two species with similar needs for the same limiting resources can co-exist in the same place at the same time. | ||
when competition between two species causes a change in habit to access a wider range of resources; this may include accessing suboptimal resources | ||
process by which a community arises in a virtually lifeless area with no soil | ||
succession that occurs after previous community is cleared but leaves soil in tact | ||
old is at most risk of death (humans) | ||
the entire age range has an equal risk of death (eagles) | ||
young have greatest risk of death (trees) | ||
increase of population in an ideal environment (not natural) | ||
population growth that levels off as population reaches maximum carrying capactiy | ||
quickly appear when opportunities arise ,many weeds | ||
Anything that limits (restricts) the size of a population | ||
an innate behavior that occurs as an unchangeable sequence of actions | ||
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation | ||
form of reasoning that allows animals to use past experiences to solve new problems | ||
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned | ||
learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior | ||
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. | ||
the area on and around Earth where life exists | ||
Groups of organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other | ||
all the living and nonliving things that interact in an area | ||
individual living thing | ||
localized group of individuals that belong to the same species |