AP Psychology- Chapter 8: Learning

41752606	learning	a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
41752607	associative learning	learning that certain events occur together; the events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)
41752608	classical conditioning	a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli; a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus; also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning
41752609	behaviorism	the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes; most research psychologists agree with the former but not the latter
41752610	unconditioned response (UR)	in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth
41752611	unconditioned stimulus (US)	in classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response
41752612	conditioned response (CR)	in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus
41752613	conditioned stimulus (CS)	in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
41752614	acquisition	the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response; in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
41752615	extinction	the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
41752616	spontaneous recovery	the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
41752617	generalization	the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
41752618	discrimination	in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
41752619	operant conditioning	a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
41752620	respondent behavior	behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning
41752621	operant behavior	behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
41752622	law of effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
41752623	operant chamber	a chamber also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking; used in operant conditioning research
41752624	shaping	an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
41752625	reinforcer	in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
41752626	positive reinforcement	increasing behaviors presented by presenting positive stimuli, such as food; any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
41752627	negative reinforcement	increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock; any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response
42463884	primary reinforcer	an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
42463885	conditioned reinforcer	a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer
42463886	continuous reinforcement	reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
42463887	partial (intermittent) reinforcement	reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
42463888	fixed-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
42463889	variable-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
42463890	fixed-interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
42463891	variable-interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
42463892	punishment	an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
42463893	cognitive map	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment
42463894	latent learning	learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
42463895	intrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
42463896	extrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
42463897	observational learning	learning by observing others
42463898	modeling	the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
42463899	mirror neurons	frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so; the brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy
42463900	prosocial behavior	positive, constructive, helpful behavior; the opposite of antisocial behavior