[VSA final] AP European History - Important terms - Unit I
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| 83489183 | Italian Renaissance | a great cultural movement which brought about a period of scientific revolution and artistic transformation, at the dawn of modern European history. It marks the transitional period between the end of the Middle Ages and the start of the Modern Age. The Renaissance is usually considered to have begun in the 14th century in Italy and the 16th century in northern Europe. It is also known as "Rinascimento" (in Italian). |  |
| 83489184 | Jacob Burckhart | 19th century historian that claimed the Renaissance period stood in distinct contrast to the Middle Ages. | |
| 83489185 | city-states | a political phenomenon of small independent states in the northern Italian peninsula between the 10th and 15th centuries. | |
| 83489186 | commenda system | Contract between merchant and "merchant-adventurer" who agreed to take goods to distant locations and return with the proceeds (for 1/3 of profits) | |
| 83489187 | Republic of Florence | (included Republic of Genoa) a. Center of the Renaissance during the 14th and 15th centuries. b. Dominated by the Medici family |  |
| 83489188 | Medici family | Family that dominated Republic of Florence | |
| 83489189 | Cosimo | "_____ de' Medici" Allied with other powerful families of Florence and became unofficial ruler of the republic and most powerful of the Medici rulers. |  |
| 83489190 | Lorenzo | "_____ de' Medici" (1449- 1492): significant patron of the arts (son of Cosimo) |  |
| 83489191 | Duchy of Milan | Ruled by Sforza family after 1450 (Milan was a major enemy of Venice and Florence) | |
| 83489192 | Sforza | The family that ruled the Duchy of Milan after 1450. | |
| 83489193 | Peace of Lodi | created a relative 40-year period of peace in northern Italy | |
| 83489194 | Papal States | popes served both as religious and political leaders; controlled much of central Italy |  |
| 83489195 | Naples | a. Included southern Italian region of _____ and the island of Sicily b. Only Italian city-state to officially have a "king" c. Controlled by France between 1266-1435 d. Controlled by Spain after 1435 | |
| 83489196 | Charles VIII | Milan's despot, Ludovico "the Moor," encouraged French King _______ to invade Naples, the traditional enemy of Milan. | |
| 83489197 | Savonarola | (guy whipping himself during the video) became the unofficial leader of Florence between 1494 and 1498. · Pledged to rid Florence of its decadence and corruption · In effect, oversaw a theocracy in Florence · He had earlier predicted the French invasions due to paganism and moral decay in the Italian city-states); became a puppet of the French · When France was removed from Italy in 1498, he was imprisoned and then burned at the stake. | |
| 83489198 | Machiavelli | He wrote "The Prince." The quintessential political treatise of the 16th century b. Observed the political leadership of Cesare Borgia (son of Pope Alexander VI) who had ambitions of uniting Italy under his control c. Stated that politically, "the ends justifies the means" d. Stated that for rulers, "it was better to be feared than to be loved" e. Rulers had to be practical and cunning, in addition to being aggressive and ruthless · At times rulers should behave like a lion (aggressive and powerful) and at other times like a fox (cunning and practical) f. The Prince continued to influence European rulers for centuries. |  |
| 83489199 | Cesare Borgia | Son of Pope Alexander VI who had ambitions to unite Italy under his control. | |
| 83489200 | Sack of Rome | a military event carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, then part of the Papal States in 1527. | |
| 83489201 | Charles V | Carried out the Sack of Rome. | |
| 83489202 | humanism | an activity of cultural and educational reform, engaged in by scholars, writers, and civic leaders who are today known as humanists | |
| 83489203 | civic humanism | idea that education should prepare leaders who would be active in civic affairs | |
| 83489204 | Petrarch | the "father of humanism" 1. Considered the first modern writer · In his writings, literature was no longer subordinate to religion 2. Claimed that the Middle Ages (the period between the fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of the Renaissance) were the "Dark Ages" 3. He was perhaps the first to use critical textual analysis to ancient texts. | |
| 83489205 | Boccaccio | Wrote Decameron, a. Consisted of 100 earthy tales that comprise a social commentary of 14th century Italy b. Aimed to impart wisdom of human character and behavior (especially sexual and economic misbehavior). | |
| 83489206 | Leonardo Bruni | 1. First to use the term "humanism" 2. Among the most important of the civic humanists 3. Served as a chancellor in Florence 4. Wrote a history of Florence, perhaps the first modern history, and wrote a narrative using primary source documents and the division of historical periods | |
| 83489207 | William Shakespeare | (1564-1616) English poet and dramatist; considered one of the greatest English writers. Wrote poetry and 38 dramas (tragic and comedies) |  |
| 83489208 | Miguel de Cervantes | (1547-1616) Spanish writer best remembered for his 'Don Quixote.' |  |
| 83489209 | Don Quixote | Written by Cervantes, it was considered one of the most influential Spanish works of literature. The story satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form. |  |
| 83489210 | Flemish Style | Influenced by the Italian Renaissance, characterized by oil paints, emotional scenes, preoccupations with death, and detail. Northern Renaissance Art. | |
| 83489211 | Jan van Eyck | (c. 1395-1441) Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and pioneered modern techniques of oil painting. Perfected oil painting, wood panel paintings (religious symbolism), and had great detail in his works. |  |
| 83489212 | Bosch | (1450-1516) A surrealist painter of the Netherlands who focused his works on symbolism, fantasy, confusion, death and the torments of Hell. Most famous work = "Death and the Miser" (1490) | |
| 83489213 | Pieter (Peter) Brueghel the Elder | (1520-1569) A painter and print-maker who was isolated from Italian influences and usually painted ordinary scenes like villages and peasants (genre scenes). |  |
| 83489214 | Albrecht Dürer | (1471-1528) German artist who visited Italy in the late 1400s. He was the foremost Northern Renaissance artist, and specialized in the woodcut technique. He mastered proportions, perspective, realism, and modeling. Painted numerous self-portraits. |  |
| 83489215 | Hans Holbein the Younger | (1497-1543) German Painter noted for his portraits and religious paintings, and painted for Erasmus, More, and King Henry VIII. Famous work = "The Ambassadors" (1533), which portrayed the major themes of the era, including exploration, religious discord, preoccupation with death, and the rising tide of international relations in an age of expansion. |  |
| 83489216 | Fugger Family | German Family (esp. Jacob Fugger, 1459-1525) that was significant in patronizing art of the Northern Renaissance. Their fortune was the result of international banking, which was similar to the Medici family in Florence. | |
| 83489217 | Christine de Pisan | (? 1363-1434) A wealthy woman who chronicled the accomplishments of great women of history. Wrote the Renaissance's woman's survival manual ('The City of Ladies,' 1405), was extremely well-educated in France, and was possibly Europe's first feminist. |  |
| 83489218 | Isabella d'Este | (1474-1539) "First Lady" of the Renaissance, set an example for women to break away from their traditional roles as mere ornaments to their husbands, was a big patron of the arts, founded a school for young women, and wrote over 2000 letters that provided a window into politics and courtly life at that time. | |
| 83489219 | Artemesia Gentileschi | (1593-1652) Considered a Baroque painter, she was perhaps the first female artist to gain recognition in the Post-Renaissance era. Was the first woman to paint historical and religious scenes, and was famous for her "Judith" paintings (not normal, since most female artists at this time were largely consigned to portrait painting and imitative poses). Influenced by Caravaggio. | |
| 83489220 | Lorenzo Valla | humanist scholar who pointed out errors/frauds in Latin Vulgate--criticized medieval religious assumptions. | |
| 83489221 | Latin Vulgate | the "Bible" of the Catholic Church | |
| 83489222 | Marsilio Ficino | supervised the making of the Florentine Platonic Academy. Translated Plato to Latin | |
| 83489223 | Oration on the Dignity of Man by Pico Della Mirandola | most famous Renaissance writing on nature of humankind. Said that humans are the only creatures that can be whatever they want. | |
| 83489224 | Book of Couttier by Badassare Castiglone | written as a practical guide for the nobility at the court of Urbino on the ideals of Italian humanism. | |
| 83489225 | virtù | quality of being a great man in whatever noble pursuit | |
| 83489226 | 1400's quattrocento | Florence was the leader of Renaissance. More classic style of art. | |
| 83489227 | The Lives of Artists by Giorgio Vasari | Art historian--wrote about Renaissance artists and works. | |
| 83489228 | 1500's cinquecento | Rome the center of Renaissance. Pope Alexander VI commissioned lots of art. (Sistine chapel, etc.) | |
| 83489229 | perspective | the appearance of having a 3d effect on 2d surface |  |
| 83489230 | chiaroscuro | using dark and light to create the illusion of depth |  |
| 83489231 | stylized faces | medieval faces in art--more stylized and generic | |
| 83489232 | sfumato | technique developed by Leonardo da Vinci--blurred/softened sharp outlines | |
| 83489233 | contrapposto | sculpture/painting technique that involves the subject putting its weight on one foot to look more dynamic |  |
| 83489234 | Greek temple architecture | triangular pediments, Greek columns, Roman arches, domes. Simplicity, symmetry, balance. |  |
| 83489235 | Giotto | considered first Renaissance painter; use of chiaroscuro | |
| 83489236 | Brunelleschi, Il Duomo | "Father of perspective"; the largest dome in Europe at the time (his masterpiece) |  |
| 83489237 | Lrenzo Ghiberti, "gates of paradise" | a sculptor who won a contest against Brunelleschi--built two bronze doors that are masterpieces of sculpture called the "____ __ _______" |  |
| 83489238 | Donatello, David | a sculptor; first statue that was nude |  |
| 83489239 | Expulsion of Adam & Eve by Masaccio | (first Renaissance painter to use nude humans in 3D) fresco painting, nudes, emotion |  |
| 83489240 | Birth of Venus by Botticelli | has contrapposto, good example of humanism |  |
| 83489241 | "High Renaissance" | centered in Rome, 16th century. Wordly popes provided a ton of patronage to the arts. Classical balance, harmony, restraint. | |
| 83489242 | Mona Lisa | Considered one of the great masterpieces EVER. Had sfumato |  |
| 83489243 | School of Athens by Raphael | perfect example of humanism. Has contrapposto, classical scholars. |  |
| 83489244 | David by Michelangelo | humanistic marble statue--glorifies human body, contrapposto |  |
| 83489245 | Pieta by michelangelo | considered maybe the most perfect marble sculpture EVER. Shows Mary holding limp body of Christ. |  |
| 83489246 | St. Peter's Cathedral | designed by Michelangelo, largest dome in Europe even today |  |
| 83489247 | Sistine Chapel | commissioned by Pope Julius II. Fresco. |  |
| 83489248 | Titian | (c. 1485-1576) 1. Greatest painter of the Venetian school 2. Use of vivid color and movement, in contrast to more subtle colors and static figures of the Florentine style |  |
| 83489249 | Mannerism | 1. Characteristics: a. Reaction against the Renaissance ideals of balance, symmetry, simplicity and realistic use of color · High Renaissance had taken art to perfection; there was little that could be done to improve it; thus, mannerists rebelled against it b. Works often used unnatural colors while shapes were elongated or otherwise exaggerated 2. Tintoretto (1518-94) a. Venetian painter b. Used elongated figure proportions, twisted poses, and compression of space |  |
| 83489250 | El Greco | (1541-1614) a. Greek artist who did most of his greatest work in Spain b. Perhaps the greatest of the Mannerists with his use of elongated figures and unnatural pigments c. Burial of Count Orgaz (1586-88) and Toledo (1597) are two important examples of his work |  |
| 83489251 | Christian humanism | 1. Emphasis on early Church writings that provided answers on how to improve society and reform the Church a. Less emphasis on pagan works from ancient Greece and Rome (although these works were widely read and enjoyed by Christian Humanists) b. Many historians today see more continuity between the Northern and Italian Renaissance than contrasts. 2. Drew on Hebrew and Greek texts of the Bible and the writings of the Church Fathers. 3. Emphasized education and power of human intellect to bring about institutional change and moral improvement. 4. Writings led to criticism of the church thus leading to the Reformation | |
| 83489252 | Erasmus | (1466-1536) 1. Most famous and celebrated of all northern humanists 2. Master of the Greek language; one of Europe's foremost authorities 3. Made new translations of the Greek and Latin versions of the New Testament to create 'purer' editions. 4. He was the first humanist to earn a living by | |
| 83489253 | In Praise of Folly | (1513) a. Best-seller (only the Bible sold more by 1550) · Written in Latin; thus is was not intended for mass consumption b. Erasmus was a devout Catholic who sought to reform the Church, not destroy it. c. Satirized people's worldly ambitions, including the clergy. d. Criticized immorality and hypocrisy of Church leaders and the clergy e. The book inspired renewed calls for reform, and influenced Martin Luther. · Thus, some contemporaries claimed that "Erasmus lay the egg that Luther hatched" regarding the reformation | |
| 83489254 | Thomas More | (1478-1536) 1. Prime example of a civic humanist; he rose to the highest government position of any humanist · Lord Chancellor to King Henry VIII in England |  |
| 83489255 | Utopia | (1516): More's humanistic masterpiece a. Mixes civic humanism with religious ideals to describe a perfect (utopian) society located on an imaginary island b. More sees the accumulation of property as a root cause for society's ills; a few have it—most don't c. In order to achieve harmony and order people have to be willing to sacrifice their individual rights for the common good. d. War, poverty, religious intolerance, and other problems of the early 16th century do not exist. |  |
| 83489256 | Jacques Lefevre d'Etables | (1454-1536) 1. Leading French humanist and good example of how Northern Christian humanists focused on early Church writings. 2. Produced 5 versions of the Psalms that challenged a single authoritative version of the Bible. · A devout Catholic, he was later seen as an enemy of the Church and was condemned for heresy | |
| 83489257 | Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros | (1436-1517): 1. Spanish humanist who reformed the Spanish clergy and church so that many of the Church abuses that were highlighted during the Reformation did not necessarily apply to Spain · Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition (serves as an example of how not all humanists were necessarily tolerant of heretical views). 2. Complutensian Polyglot Bible: Placed Hebrew, Greek, and Latin versions of the Bible in parallel columns. · Yet another example of how Northern humanists focused on early Church writings and the accuracy of Biblical translations. | |
| 83489258 | Francois Rabelais | (1494-1553) 1. His secular writings portrayed his confidence in human nature and reflected Renaissance tastes |  |
| 83489259 | Gargantua and Pantagruel | (1532-1542) a. A folk epic and comic masterpiece that satirized French society b. Attacked clerical education and monastic orders; championed secular learning |  |
| 83489260 | Michel de Montaigne | (1533-1592) 1. Developed the essay form |  |
| 83489261 | Skepticism | a. Doubt that true knowledge could be obtained b. Believed that the skeptic must be cautious, critical and suspend judgment. c. Thus, one must be tolerant of others' views | |
| 83489262 | Essay Form | · The essay became a vehicle for testing new ideas | |
| 83489263 | Northern Renaissance | Christian humanism + Erasmus + More + d'Etables + Cisneros + Rabelais + Montaigne + Shakespeare + Cervantes |