Ch. 6: A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

38865950	Food vacuole	a mebranous sac formed by phagocytosis	0
38865951	Chromatin	the complex of DNA and proteins that make up a eukaryotic chromosome	1
38865952	tonoplast	a mambrane that encloses the central vacuole of a plant cell separating the cytosol from the vacuolar contents (aka vacuolar membrane)	2
38865953	cristae	an infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrian that house the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP	3
38865954	Stroma	the fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water	4
38865955	primary cell wall	a relatively thin and flexible layer secreted first by a young plant cell	5
38865956	contractile vacuole	a membranous sac that helps move excess water out of the cell	6
38865957	cytoplasm	the entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane	7
38865958	Light microscope (LM)	an optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens	8
38865959	intermediate filament	a component of the cytoskeleton that includes all filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments	9
38865960	vesicle	a sac made of membrane inside of cells	10
38865961	organelle	one of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells	11
38865962	mitochondria	an organism in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration	12
38865963	phagocytosis	a typpe of endocytosis involving large, particulate substances, accomplished mainly by macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells	13
38865964	actin	a globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells	14
38865965	electron microscope (EM)	a microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousand fold greater than that of a light microscope. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the fine details of cells surfaces	15
38865966	transport vesicle	a tiny membranous sac in a cells cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell	16
38865967	rough ER	that portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes	17
38865968	flagella	a long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion	18
38865969	eukaryotic cell	a type of cell with a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles; present in protists, plants, fungi, and animals	19
38865970	mitochondrial matrix	the compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle	20
38865971	myosin	a type of protein filament that interacts with actin filaments to cause cell contraction	21
38865972	nucleus	an atoms central core, containing protons and neutrons; the chromosome containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell; a cluster of neurons	22
38865973	middle lamella	a thin layer of adhesivve extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young cell plants	23
38865974	Smooth ER	that portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes	24
38865975	central vacuole	a membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development	25
38865976	proteoglycan	a glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells, rich in carbohydrates	26
38865977	cell fractionation	the disruption of a cell and seperation of its organelles by centrifugation	27
38865978	cytoplasmic streaming	a circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells	28
38865979	chloroplast	an organelle found only in plants and photo synthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water	29
38865980	granum (pl. grana)	a stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplasts; function in the light reactions of photosynthesis	30
38865981	secondary cell wall	a strong and durable matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for plant cell protection and support	31
38865982	plasmodesmata	an open channel in the cell wall of plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell	32
38865983	integrin	a receptor protein built into the plasma membrane that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton	33
38865984	collagen	a glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the ost abundant protein in the animal kingdom	34
38865985	nuclear envelope	the membrane in eukaryotes that encloses the nucleus, seperating it from the cytoplasm	35
38865986	lysosome	a membrane enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells	36
38865987	centrosome	material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the micotubule organizing center	37
38865988	centriole	a structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubue triplets arranged in a 9+0 pattern; an animal cell usually has a pair of centrioles involved in cell division	38
38865989	chromosome	a threadlike, gene carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins	39
38865990	nucleolus	a specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes	40
38865991	plastid	one of a family of closely related plant organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts (leucoplasts)	41
38865992	extracellular matrix (ECM)	the substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides	42
38865993	microtubule	a hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in flagella, cilia, and the cytoskeleton	43
38865994	cytoskeleton	a network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions	44
38865995	prokaryotic cell	a type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea	45
38865996	nuclear lamina	a netlike array of protein filaments that mantains the shape of the nucleus	46
38865997	gap junction	a type of intercellular junction in animal cells that allows the passage of material or current between cells	47
38865998	scanning electorn microscope (SEM)	a microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample to study details of its topography	48
38865999	cell wall	a protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists	49
38866000	transmission electron microscope (TEM)	a microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections; primarily used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells	50
38866001	tight junction	a type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells	51
38866002	thylakoid	a flattened membranous sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy	52
38866003	pseudopodia	a cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding	53
38866004	cilium	a short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inter singular microtubules ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane	54
38866005	golgi apparatus	an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum	55
38866006	peroxisome	a microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide	56
38866007	dynein	a large contractile protein forming the side arms of microtbule doublets in cilia and flagella	57
38866008	microfilament	a solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction	58
38866009	ribosome	a cell organelle costructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits	59
38866010	cytosol	the semifluid portion of the cytoplasm	60
38866011	endomembrane system	the collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles	61
38866012	cytotoxic T cell	a type of lymphocyte that, when activated, kills infected cells, cancer cells, and transplanted cells	62
38866013	plasma mebrane	the membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cells chemical composition	63
38866014	glycoprotein	a protein covalently bonded to a carbohydrate	64
38866015	desmosome	a type of intercellular junction in animal cells that functions as an anchor	65
38866016	nucleoid	a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell	66
38866017	fibronectin	a glycoprotein that helps cells attach to the extracellular matix	67
38866018	basal body	a eukaryotic cell organelle that consists of a 9+0 arrangement of microtubule triplets; may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or a flagellum; structurally identical to a centriole	68