ap biology campbell-reece unit 1 ch 5 vocab
the structure and function of large biological molecules
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| a spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding | ||
| an organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups; serves as the monomers of polypeptides | ||
| the opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix | ||
| one form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth. two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds. | ||
| a sugar or one of its dimers or polymers | ||
| a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction | ||
| a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, constituting of glucose monomers joined by beta glycosidic linkages | ||
| a protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other molecules | ||
| a structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeleton of all arthropods | ||
| a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as hormones | ||
| a glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom | ||
| a reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of small molecules, usually water, in which case it is also called a dehydration reaction | ||
| a chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule | ||
| a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape, thereby becoming biologically inactive | ||
| the sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose the sugar component of RNA | ||
| a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides, joined by a gylcosidic linkage formed during dehydration synthesis | ||
| a strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer | ||
| a double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine; capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins | ||
| the form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands would around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape | ||
| a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction | ||
| a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called triacylglycerol or triglyceride | ||
| a long carbon chain carboxylic acid; varies in length and number and location of double bonds | ||
| a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA | ||
| an extensively branched glucosestorage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch | ||
| a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction | ||
| an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen | ||
| a chemical process that splits molecules by the addition of water, functioning in disassembly of polymers to monomers | ||
| a type of weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water | ||
| one of a group of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids that mix poorly if at all in water | ||
| a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction. (polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids) | ||
| the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer | ||
| the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides or polysaccharides. also known as simple sugars. | ||
| a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for protein. the two types are DNA and RNA. | ||
| the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group | ||
| the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another; formed by dehydration reaction | ||
| a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acid act as nonpolar hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar hydrophilic head. | ||
| a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together | ||
| a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain | ||
| a polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds | ||
| a polymer of many monosaccharides formed by dehydration reactions | ||
| the level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids | ||
| a functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three dimensional structure | ||
| one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. (adenine and guanine) | ||
| one of two type of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. (cytosine and thymine) | ||
| the particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the three dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide | ||
| a type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil; usually single stranded, functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses | ||
| the sugar component of RNA nucelotides | ||
| a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton | ||
| the localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between constituents of the backbone | ||
| a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by alpha glycosidic linkages | ||
| a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various chemical groups attached | ||
| irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges | ||
| an unsaturated fat containing one or more trans double bonds | ||
| three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or triglyceride | ||
| a fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. | ||
| a technique that depends on the diffraction of an x-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule to study the three-dimensional structure of a molecule |