AP Bio
First 1/2 of AP Bio
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| An attraction between 2 atoms resulting from a sharing of outter shell electrons or opposite charges on the atoms | ||
| Strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons | ||
| Sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms | ||
| Weak chemical bond formed when a slightly positive hydrogen atom of a covalent bond is atteacted to the slightly negative of a polar covalent bond in another molecule | ||
| Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from localized charge flucuations | ||
| Number of protons in an atom | ||
| Hydrogen Bonding to Properties of Water (change definition later) | ||
| Bonding of like molecules, often hydrogen | ||
| Attraction between different kinda of molecules | ||
| Evaporative loss of water from a plant | ||
| Causes water to change less wheb absorbing or loosing heat | ||
| The heat that must be reached for 1g of a liquid to become a gas | ||
| The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during ecaporation, owing to a change of the molecules with the kinetic energy from the liquid to the gaseous state | ||
| Water forms hydrogen bonds | ||
| Acids 0-7 Bases 7-14 | ||
| Minimizes changes in pH, important in bodies, small pH changes can kill an organism | ||
| Has the ability to form complex bonds, can create long chains | ||
| With two carbohydrates an H is taken out of 1 and an OH out of the other so the two can form together | ||
| An OH(-) and a hydrogen cation are added to the two carbon atoms binded together | ||
| The metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones | ||
| Metabolic process what simple substances are synthesized into complex materials | ||
| Insulation, energy storage | ||
| Storage and nutrients | ||
| Heredity, code for amino acid sequence | ||
| Enzymes, form and function, protein synthesis | ||
| Specific sequence of amino acids | ||
| Localized repetitve coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between constituents of the backbone | ||
| Irregular contertions of a protein molecule due to interactions of site chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds | ||
| Shape of a complex aggregated protein defined by the characteristic three demensional arrangements of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide | ||
| Don't have- Mitochondria, nucleus, ER, lysosomes, golgi apparatus, vacuoles Has- Flagella, circular DNA/RNA, small ribosomes Smaller then Eukaryotes | ||
| Has- Mitochondria, nucleus, ER, lysosomes, golgi apparatus, vacuoles (in plants), chromosomes, large ribosomes Larger then Prokaryotes | ||
| Cell wall (rectangular shape), chloroplast, large vacuole, plastids | ||
| Centrioles, lysosomes, small vacuoles (if present), only has cell membrane (irregular shape) | ||
| Nucleus, cytoplasm, ER, ribosomes, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, microtubules | ||
| The genetic information (DNA) is found here | ||
| Thick liquid between cell membrane holding organells | ||
| Protein synthesis happens in the ER, ribosomes are attached to the ER's wall | ||
| Storage organelle, has no ribosomes | ||
| Cells power producer, converts energy into forms that are usable by the cell | ||
| Used for the final stages in the synthesis of proteins that are to be secreted from the cell | ||
| Hollow rods, functioning primarily to help support and shape the cell | ||
| Line up the chromosomes inside the cell and then they pull the chromosomes apart during cell replication | ||
| Break up waste and cellular debris, in animal cells | ||
| Contains food, water or waste, in plant cells, sometimes in animal cells | ||
| Tough extracellular structure of plant cells that distinguishes them from animal cells | ||
| Made up of thylakoids (flattened interconnected sacs) and stroma (fluid outside thylakoids), conducts photosyntheses, found only in plant cells | ||
| Cells that store specific things, found only in plant cells | ||
| Solution is the same on either side of a membrane, no net movement | ||
| Solution loses water to its enviroment, cell started with more water then its enviroment | ||
| Gains water from its enviroment, started with less water then its enviroment | ||
| 1) the active site is unoccupied and substrate is available 2) substrate enters the active site 3) an enzyme/substrate (ES) complex forms 4) substrate is converted to product 5) product is released 6) the active site is available for more substrate | ||
| Temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration and inhibitors | ||
| Target cell detects signaling molecule from outside cell, molecule binds to receptor protein | ||
| Converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response | ||
| Transduced signal triggers specific cellular response | ||
| Cell sucide, signal can be sent to cells if it starts to reproduce out of control | ||
| Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinasis | ||
| DNA has replicated but not yet formed chromosome | ||
| DNA forms chromosomes | ||
| Spindle fibers attach to centromeres and align chromosomes | ||
| Centromere splits and sister chromitid are pulled to opposite ends of the cell | ||
| Nuclear envelope forms, spindle fibers disintegrate | ||
| Cell splits apart | ||
| A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and produces a characteristic end product | ||
| The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anareobic respiration which breaks down organic molecules for the production of ATP | ||
| Glycolusis breaks down glucose into pyruvate which continues into the Krebs Cycle | ||
| The process by which energy is stored into a H+ ion, gradiation is used to drive cellular work | ||
| Light energy is transfered to pigments, which then become excited pigments. The excited electrons are accepted by the primary electron acceptor and send into an electron trandport chain into photosystem I, pigment P680 | ||
| Light pigments excite the electrons in photosystem I which are accepted by the primary acceptor, P700. From there the excited electrons are sent through a series of redox reactions. NADP+ is turned into NADPH | ||
| how does the electron flow in light reactions result in the formation of atp nadph and o2 (copy later) | ||
| Molecule that provides energy for all cellular activities | ||
| Calvin Cycle (put in real definition later) | ||
| In C4 plants the Calvin Cycle is seperated from the other reactions, in CAM their stoma only opens at night | ||
| Process by which a single parent reproduces offspring that are genitically identical to the parent | ||
| A typre of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the parent | ||
| Homolgous Chromosomes (copy later) |