Biology Chapter 12

	consist of miosis and cytokinesis, the process in reproduction and growth by which a cell divides to form daughter cells
	the regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo
	the ordering of genes in a haploid set of chromosomes of a particular organism
	one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins coiled very tightly
	all the cells of your body except your sex cells
	reproductive cells, have only half the number of chromosomes as body cells
	the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins
	identical halves of a duplicated parent chromosome formed during the prophase stage of mitosis; the halves are held together by a centromere
	a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape
	cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
	organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells
	(genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
	the part of the cell cycle when mitosis divides the nucleus and distributes its chromosomes to the daughter nuclei and cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells.
	a period between two mitotic or meiotic divisions during which the cell grows, copies its DNA, and synthesizes proteins
	the first growth period of the cell cycle, during interphase, where the cell grows and organelles in the cytoplasm replicate
	The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
	the third and shortest phase of interphase, the second gap phase where many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced
	first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus
	The second stage of mitosis, in which discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear, the nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.
	second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
	the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle
	the final stage of meiosis or mitosis, in which the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes
	An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis.
	Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the microtubule-organizing center.
	star-shaped structure formed in the cytoplasm of a cell having fibers like rays that surround the centrosome during mitosis
	A specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.
	An imaginary plane during metaphase in which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located midway between the two poles
	the act of cleaving or splitting
	The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.
	the precursor of a new plant cell wall that forms during cell division and divides a cell into two
	a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
	Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins.
	A cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.
	A critical control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle.
	one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
	this cyclin copart can begin protein kinase cascade which is the activation of several protein kinases in a row that can cause the phosphorylation of some target protein.
	Maturation-promoting factor (M-phase-promoting factor); a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase.
	a protein that is involved in cell differentiation and growth
	a phenomenon in which crowded stop dividing
	most animal cells exhibit; to divide they must be attached to a substratum such as the inside of a culture jar or the extracellular matrix of a tissue; experiments suggest that anchorage is signaled ot the cell cycle control system via pathways involving plasma membrane protiens and elements of the cytoskeleton linked to them; function in body's tissues as well as in cell culture checking the growth at some optimal density and location; cancer cells do not exhibit
	(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.
	A mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin
	an abnormal tissue mass that can spread into neighboring tissue and to other parts of the body; a cancerous tumor
	the spreading of a disease to another part of the body