plant diversity

	how many years ago are the oldest fossil evidence of plants from?
	plants are members of what kingdom?
	plants are what kinds of eukaryotes?
	what are plant cell's walls made out of?
	what do plants develop from?
	What do plants use to carry out photosynthesis?
	Most plants are what kind of producer of consumer?
	Most plants are autotrophs, but plants can also be what? (2 things)
	plant life cycles are characterized by what?
	What are the two generations of the plant life cycle?
	gamete propducing plant; haploid
	spore producing plant; diploid
	haploid cells that fuse together to produce a new diploid individual
	reproductive cells that produce a new individual by mitosis
	true or false. All plants have a gametophyte and sporophyte stage.
	true or false; all plants are autotrophs
	plants that are able to reproduce in dry environments where there is no water through which gametes can move from plant to plant are said to be
	true or false; seed plants have not evolved reproductive cycles that are carried out independently of water
	many plants have forms of what kind of reproduction?
	4 things that the lives of plants revolve around the need for
	sunlight is used by plants for what activity?
	true or false; every plant displays adaptations shaped by the need to gather sunlight
	example of a photosynthetic organ
	why are leaves typically broad and flat and specially arranged on the stem?
	all cells require a constant supply of what?
	true or false; water is one of the raw materials of photosynthesis, so doesn't get used up quickly when the sun is shining.
	as plants absorb water, what else do they absorb?
	nutrients in the soil that are needed for plant growth
	true or false; plants must get rid of water as quickly as possible
	plants require what to support respiration?
	plants require what to carry out photosynthesis
	true or false; plants must exchange Carbon dioxide and oxygen with the atmosphere without losing excessive amounts of water through evaporation
	where do plants take up water and minerals
	where do plants make their food
	what do most plants have that helps them carry water and nutrients upward from the soil and distribute the products of photosynthesis throughout the plant?
	what do simpler types of plants use to draw in and distribute water and nutrients?
	true or false; for most of earth's history plants existed.
	what used to add oxygen to our planets atmosphere and provided food for animals and microorganisms?
	the history of plants can be understood in terms of the evolution of what kinds of structures?
	phoyosynthetic, plantlike protists. mostly multicellular.
	true or false; the first plants evolved from an organism much like the multicellular green algae living today.
	what do multicellular green algae have in common with plants
	true or false; green algae has a reproductive cycle similar to that of plants.
	true or false; green algae don't have cell wall and photosynthetic pigments that are identical to those of plants
	true or false; the first true plants were still dependant on water to complete their life cycles
	early plants were similar to what?
	how were mosses and early plants similar
	mosses, ferns, conebearing plants and flowering plants are now successful living in what kind of climate?
	botanists divide the plant kingdom into 4 groups based on what three important features
	project which has provided strong evidence that the first plants evolved from green algae that lived in fresh water, not in the sea as had been thought
	how many species of angiosperms exist?
	what percent of living species of plants do angiosperms make up?
	nonvascular plants that lack tissues that conduct water and nutrients. ex: mosses and their relatives
	bryophytes have life cycles that depend on water for what?
	since bryophytes are lacking vascular tissue, these plants draw up water through what process? (water is only drawn up a few centimeters above the ground
	why must bryophytes live in places where there is rainfall year round?
	in what kind of environment to bryophytes thrive?
	examples of bryophytes include?
	how many phyla do botanists classify bryophytes in?
	which phylum are mosses members of?
	bryophytes. grow most abundantly in areas with water. well adapted to life in wet habitats and nutrient poor soils. can tolerate low temperatures, allowing them to grow in harsh environments. most abundand plant that can be found in polar regions. vary in appearance from miniature evergreen trees to small plants that together form a threadlike carpet of green. each plant has a thin, upright shoot that looks like a stem with tiny leaves. don't have true roots
	why is the thin, upright shoot of a moss plant not considered to be a true stem?
	why do the "leaves" of mosses lose water quickly when surrounded by dry air?
	long, thin cells that anchor to the ground and absorb water and minerals from the surrounding soil. a part of mosses.
	what phylum are liverworts a part of?
	bryophyte. look like leaves attached to the ground. in their gametophyte stage, they are broad and thin structures that draw up moisture directly from the soil. mature gametophytes produce structures that look like tiny green umbrellas. these "umbrellas" carry the structures that produce eggs and sperm. produce asexually.
	small multicellular spheres that contain many haploid cells. produced in cuplike structures and when washed out the cells can divide by mitosis to produce a new individual
	cuplike sturctures where the gammae is produced.
	which phylum are hornworts members of?
	bryophytes. found only in soil that is damp nearly year round. their gametophytes look very similar to those of liverworts, but their sporophyte looks like tiny green horns.
	in bryophytes, which is the dominant stage of the life cycle and the stage that carries out the most of the plant's photosynthesis?
	for what does the sporophyte depend on the gametophyte for?
	true or false; the sperm may swim through standing water or through a coating of water left by dew.
	created when moss spore germinates. tangled green filaments (young gametophyte)
	as the protonema of moss grows, it forms what?
	the green shoots that grow out of the protonema represent which stage of moss's life cycle
	where are gametes formed in moss?
	sperm with whiplike tails are produced here. male reproductive structure of moss
	egg cells are produced here. femal reproductive structure of moss.
	true or false; some species of moss can produce both sperm and eggs on the same plant, whereas other species produce sperm and eggs on differnt plants.
	once sperm are released and reach the egg cell, fertilization produces what?
	diploid . the beginning of the sporophyte stage of the moss's life cycle. grows directly out of the body of the gametophyte and depends on the gametophyte for water and nutrients.
	what are produced inside the moss's capsule through the process of meiosis.
	what happens when the moss's capsule ripens and opens?
	a group of mosses that thrive in the acidic water of bogs
	in certain environments the dead remains of sphagnum can accumulate to form thick deposits of what?
	why do farmers add peat moss to soil?
	a type of tissue that is specialized to conduct water and nutrients through the body of the plant
	key cells in xylem. type of cell specialized to conduct water. hollow cells with thick walls that resist pressure. connect end to end like a series of drinking straws. allow water to move through a plant more efficiently than by diffusion alone
	a form of vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant
	transports solutions of nutrients and carbs produced by photosynthesis. long cells specialized to move fluids throughout plant body
	true or false; both forms of vascular tissue, xylem and phloem, are unable to move liquids against the force of gravity.
	a substance that makes cell walls rigid. allows vascular plants to grow upright and reach great heights.
	1 chromosome. N
	2 chromosomes. 2N
	seedless vascular plants include which three plants
	underground organs that absorb water and minerals.
	photosynthetic organs that contain one or more bundles of vascular tissue
	made of xylem and phloem. vascular tissue of leaves is gathered into them
	supporting structures that connect roots and leaves, carrying water and nutrients between them
	club mosses are a part of which phylum?
	small plants that live in moist woodlands and near streambeds and marshes. also known as the ground pine. seedless vascular plant
	the phylum horstails are members of.
	seedless vascular plant. leaves are arranged in distincitive whorls at joints along the stem. also known as equisetum or scouring rush. looks simmilar to a horse's tail. contains crystals of abrasive silica. during colonial times they were used to scour pots and pans
	ferns are members of which phylum?
	how many species of ferns are living today?
	have rhizomes and fronds. can thrive with little light. abundant in wet or at least seasonally wet habitats around the world. found living in shadows of forest trees. found in pacific northwests. in tropical forests, some species grow as large as small trees.
	creeping or underground stems of ferns
	large leaves of ferns
	dominant stage of the life cycles of ferns and other vascular plants
	tiny containers located on the fronds of a fern in which haploid spores are produced.
	cluster of sporangia
	how are the spores of ferns transported?
	in the ferns life cycle, when the spores germinate, what is developed?
	true or false; fern life cycle- the small gametophyte first grows a set of rootlike rhizoids. It then flattens into a thin, heart-shaped green structure that is the mature gametophyte. Although it is tiny, the gametophyte grows independently of the sporophyte.
	on a fern, where are the antheridia and archegonia found?
	true or false; fertilization of a fern requires at least a thing film of water, allowing the sperm to swim to the eggs.
	true or false; in some species of fern, the fronds produced in the spring die in the fall but the rhizomes live through the winter and sprout again the folling spring.
	true or false; as the sporophyte grows, the gamete remains strong and fully intact.
	bear seads directly on the surfaces of cones. ex- conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes
	"flowering plants" bear their seeds within a protective layer of tissue. ex- grasses, flowering trees and shrubs, and all wildflowers and cultivated species of flowers.
	true or false; seed plants require water for fertilization.
	what are the 3 adaptations that allow plants to reproduce without water
	sporophyte structure. seed bearing structures of gymnosperms
	sporophyte structures. seed bearing structures of angiosperms
	a tiny structure in which the entire male gametophyte is contained and sperm are produced
	what 4 things carry the pollen grain to the female gametophyte?
	the transfer of pollen from the male gametophyte to the female gametophyte
	an embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply
	the early developmental stage of the sporopyte plant.
	seed's food supply
	true or false; while the embryo is small it often stops growing. the embryo can remain in this condition for weeks to years and when it begins to grow again it uses the nutrients from the stored food supply.
	what change in the environment has occured between the carboniferous and devonian periods to now that have made it difficult for seedless plants to survive and reproduce?
	naked seed
	70 species, the reproductive scales of these plants are clustered into cones. Ephedra, welwitschia
	palmlike plants that reproduce with large cones. 225 million years old. grow naturally in tropical and subtropical places such as mexico, the west indies, florida, and parts of asia, africa and australia
	common when dinosaurs were alive. only one species today. oldest seed plant species alive today. . tough and resist air polution. found in urban settings in US. cultivated in China
	most common gymnosperm. more than 500 known species. ex- pines, spruces, firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods, and yews. can live for more than 4000 years. can grow more than 100 meters high. thrive in a variety of habitats (mountains, sandy soil and cool areas such as the temperate rain forests of the Pacific Northwest)
	most conifers are this. type of plant that retain their leaves throughout their year
	these three adaptations (long, thin leaves like needles, thick waxy layer over the leaves, and the opening for gas exchange in a cavity below the surface of the leaves) all work towards what goal.
	the unique reproductive organs of angiosperms
	what two creatures help make the transport of flower to flower simpler. are attracted by the beautiful flowers
	surround and protect the seed of angiosperm. gives the angiosperms their name, enclosed seed.
	enclosed seed
	thick wall of tissue surrounding the seed. attract animals.
	one seed leave (cotyledon), parallel veins, floral parts often in multiples of 3, vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem, fibrous roots (exs- corn wheat lilies orchids and palms
	two seed leaves (cotyledons), branched veins, floral parts often in multiples of 4 or 5, vascular bundles arranged in a ring, taproot (exs- roses clover tomatoes oaks and daisies)
	seed leaves
	type of plants that primarly are made of cells with thick cell walls (exs- trees shrubs (blueberries, rhododendrons, and roses) and vines (grapes and ivy))
	type of plants that have smooth stems and nonwoody characteristics. (exs- dandelions, zinnias, petunias, and sunflowers)
	flowering plants that complete a life cycle within one growing season (exs- marigolds, petunias, pansies, and zinnias, wheat and cucumbers)
	angiosperms that complete their life cycle in two years. first year they germinate and grow roots, very short stems, and leaves. second year they grow new stems and leaves then produce flowers and seed then die. (exs- primrose parsley, celery and foxglove)
	flowering plants that live for more than two years. (exs- peonies, asparagus, grasses, palm trees, sagebrush, maple trees, and honeysuckle)
	produced by a mature gymnosperm's sporophyte plant
	male cones. produce male gametophytes which are called pollen grains.
	male gametophytes from pollen cones
	produce female gametophytes for the gymnosperms. larger than pollen cones. contain ovules
	place in which the female gametophytes for gymnosperms develop.
	how many years does the life cycle of a gymnosperm take to complete?
	created when the pollen grain splits open. contains 2 haploid sperm nuclei.
	the outermost circle of floral parts, resemble ordinary leaves, typically green. enclose the bud before it opens and protect flower while it develops. "sterile leaf"
	brightly colored, attract insects and other pollinators. just inside the sepals. "sterile leaf"
	the male gametophyte. made up of filament and anther. each flower contains several stamens
	long, thin stalk that supports an anther.
	located at the tip of the filament, an oval sac where meiosis takes place, producing haploid male gametophytes (pollen grains).
	innermost floral parts. also known as pistils. produce the female gametophyte. contains ovary, style and stigma. some flowers have several carpels fused together to form a single reproductive structure called a compound carpel
	located at the base of the carpel. contains one or more ovules where female gametophytes are produced
	stalk starting where the carpel narrows
	sticky portion located at the top of the style. place where pollen grains frequently land.
	true or false; a typical flower produces both male and female gametophytes. howeever the male and femal gametophytes are sometimes produced on seperate flowers of the same individual
	reproduction in angiosperms takes place withing what?
	each anther undergoes meiosis and produces how many haploid spore cells
	true or false; a single diploid cell (female gametophyte) undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid cells, three of which disentegrate. the remaining cell undergoes mitosis to produce 8 nuclei. these eight nuclei and the surrounding membrane are called the embryo sac
	most angiosperms are pollinated by what?
	true or false; all angiosperms are pollinated by animals
	if a pollen grain lands on the stigma of an appropriate flower, what begins to grow?
	the pollen tube, which now contains a tube nucleus and two sperm nuclei, grows into which part of the flower?
	two fertilization events occur between male and female gametophytes.
	in the first step of double fertilization, one of the sperm nuclei fuses with the egg nucleus to produce a diploid what?
	the second step of double fertilization, the other sperm nucleus fuses with two endosperm nuclei in the embryo sac to form a what?
	an endosperm is what kind of cell ( what kind of -ploid?)