Chapter 8: Cell Reproduction
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| rod shaped structures made of DNA and protein | ||
| the DNA in eukaryotic cells wrapped around tightly around the proteins | ||
| a half of a chromosome, so there are two chromatids to each chromosome | ||
| the point where chromatids are attached | ||
| the less tightly wound DNA-protein complex where transcription and translation occurs | ||
| chromosome that determines the sex of the organism , and may contain genes for other characteristics | ||
| all chromosomes other than sex chromosomes | ||
| chromosomes that have the same size, shape, and genetic information | ||
| photomicrograph of trhe chromosomes in a normal dividing cell found in a human | ||
| cells that have two sets of chromosomes, each has two copies of each autosome and two sex chromosomes | ||
| sperm and egg cells, which only contain one set of chromosomes | ||
| the division of a prokaryotic cell into two offspring cells | ||
| creates new cells with genetic material that is identical to the genetic material of the original cell | ||
| production of offspring from one parent | ||
| reduces the chromosome number by half in the new cells to create gametes | ||
| haploid reproductive cells | ||
| the time between cell division, which is one phase of the cell cycle, but has three stages- G1, S, and G2 | ||
| the division of a cell's cytoplasm | ||
| the first phase of mitosis and meiosis in cell cell division; characterized by the condensation of the chromosomes, the dissolution of the nuclear envelope, and formation of the spindle fibers | ||
| made of microtubules and radiate from the centrosomes in preparation for metaphase | ||
| the second phase of mitosis and meiosis during which all of the chromosomes move to the cell's equator | ||
| the third phase of mitosis and meiosis in which the spidle fibers cause the chromosomes to separate | ||
| the final phase of mitosis and meiosis in which the nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes, the chromosomes decondense and the spindle fiber dissociate | ||
| occurs only in plant cells- the vesicles from the Golgi apparatus join together at the midline of the dividing cell | ||
| the pairing of homologous chromosomes only in meiosis 1 (prophase 1), not in mitosis | ||
| the name for each pair of homologous chromosomes | ||
| the process of portions of chromatids breaking off and attaching to adjacent chromatids on the homologous chromosome | ||
| the process of crossing-over that permits for the exchange of genetic materical between maternal and paternal chromosomes; results in a new mixture of genetic material | ||
| the random separation of the homologous chromosomes, resulting in genetic variation | ||
| the production of sperm cells | ||
| the production of mature egg cells, or ova | ||
| extra three products of meiosis that eventually degenerate | ||
| the production of offspring through meiosis and the union of a sperm and an egg cell |