ch 14 forging the national economy

	raw frontier
	Europe stretches to the Alleghenies ; America lies beyond
	the real America is farther than the Alleghenies
	frequent uncertainty of legal title to the land grim poorly fed, ill-clad, housed in hastily erected shanties victims of disease, depression, early death unbearable loneliness esp in women who often went mad women cut off from human contact for long times and cramped in dark and secluded cabins
	pioneers in a hurry often exhausted the land in the tobacco region & them pushed on *barren and rain-gutted fields were often left behind
	cane as high as 15 ft was a barrier to the plow settlers found that when cane burned off European bluegrass thrived in the charred cane fields *Kentucky bluegrass" made ideal pasture for livestock luring 1,000s more American homesteaders into KY
	*California coast, other traders bought large quantities of sea-otter pelts driving them to near-extinction
	By 1820s, trappers set traps all over Rocky Mountain region Fur trapping based on "rendezvous system" *traders waited for Indians and trappers to arrive with fur in exchange for Eastern goods
	painter student of art painted western scenes and Native Americans first advocate of national parks suggestion became the 1st national park...Yellowstone 1st to advocate preservation of nature as national policy
	mid 1800s population continued to double every 25 yrs 33 stars in American flag U.S. 4th most populous nation in western world 1790 only 2 American cities past 20,000 or more Philly and NY *1860 43 cities
	poor sanitation smelly slums feeble street lights inadequate policing (crime) impurities foul sewage ravenous rats improper garbage disposal *high birth rate
	Europe running out of room land of freedom and opportunity attracted to land freedom from church
	letters sent home by immigrants described the richer life: low taxes, no compulsory military service and three meat meals a day
	thousands of Irish emigrated to America better life *potato crops failed led to starvation and hunger
	another name for Ireland they were poor, uneducated, and Catholic
	Boston/New York Boston in 1823 pioneered a sewer system and NY in 1842 abandoned wells and cisterns for a piped-in water supply
	looked down upon by U.S. protestants given worst paying jobs forced to live in squalor crammed into slums
	No Irish Need Apply *commonly posted sign at factory gates
	shadowy Irish miners union(workers) that rocked the Pennsylvania coal districts in the 1860s and 1870s used violence to try to improve dangerous working conditions and anti-Irish sentiment in the PA coalfields
	the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in controlling New York City politics and helping immigrants (most notably the Irish) rise up in American politics from the 1790s to the 1960s.
	1848-Germans came in to U.S. crop failure but also flee the chaos of war
	Lutheran, clinging to native language outspoken against slavery heavy drinkers kept to themselves to preserve their culture
	the Conestoga wagon KY rifle Christmas tree kindergarten
	large influx of immigrants caused "nativists" to strike back nativists are those born in America and opposed to immigration *suspicious of Germans
	*newcomers were uneducated, poor, from non-dem background (Irish Catholic) and willing to work for next to nothing
	became powerful with large influx of Irish/ German immigrants 1840s constructed a separate Catholic education system *by 1850 1.8 million communicants
	formed in 1849 as the "Order of the Star-Spangled Banner" secret society always answered inquiries with "I know nothing" wanted restriction on immigration, and deportation of aliens *wrote fiction that fed off fears of immigrants
	Catholic convent near Boston burned by a howling mob attacks on Catholic schools and churches *184 2 churches in Philly burned..13 killed and 50 Catholic wounded
	*began in England when machine and factories began to replace handmade products
	cheap land-shortage of labor, why work for someone else when you can buy cheap land and work it yourself workers-influx of immigrants meant no shortage of labor *raw materials-America was large and many resources lay undeveloped, undiscovered, and unsuspected consumers-America had many people just "starting out" and eager to buy whatever was produced
	Father of the factory system memorized the way that the British made machines and he brought the idea to America made our firstthread spinning machine. thread spinning system created a shortage of cotton fiber
	invented the cotton gin 1793 separated the fiber from the seed *50 times more effective than hand picking
	the South's production of cotton greatly increased and the demand for cotton revived the demand for slavery caused the North to expand its factories for spinning and weaving cloth
	soil wasn't good for farming dense population provided labor and accessible markets *quick-moving rivers drove the mills and it had quick access to seaports
	Law that forbade American ships from sailing to foreign ports and closed American ports to British ships
	hurt economy forced young manufacturing to grow European commerce temporarily ruined capital and labor driven from waves onto factory floors
	created by Eli Whitney machine-made components of anything could be swapped out if one broke widely adopted in 1850 turned into mass production *guns made this way
	by perfecting the cotton gin he gave slavery a renewed lease on life and perhaps made inevitable, the civil war by popularizing the principles of interchangeable parts, he helped factories to flourish in the North giving the union a decided advantage when the war came
	invented by Elias Howe, perfected by Isaac Singer gave North industrialization another strong boost
	1800's 306 patents 1860s 28,000 patents
	an official document granting an inventor exclusive rights to his/her invention for seven to nine years
	created by Samuel F.B. Morse provided nearly instant communication *1st words on his "talking wire" were "what hath God wrought?"
	side effect of factory system was the exploitation of workers(wage slaves)
	unsafe-unsanitary building, lighted and heated unhealthy-poorly ventilated, skimpy meals and hastily gulped long hours and low wages-forbidden by law to form unions to raise wages child labor common-childhood short and harsh *1820 1/2 of nations industry workers under 10 yoa
	court decided that unions were not conspiracies and it gave workers the right to protest and strike against companies provided that their methods were "honorable and peaceful"
	10 hour work day higher wages better conditions public education *end of inhumane imprisonment for debt
	nurse, domestic service(housekeeping) and teachers spinning yarn, weaving cloth, and making candles, soap, butter, and cheese.
	idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands
	women played a role in having less kids. assertiveness in society *signified the growing power and independence of women
	showplace factory containing all farm girls textile mill in Lowell, Mass carefully supervised on and off job escorted to church from company boarding houses *no union-few opportunities to share dissatisfaction over their grueling working conditions
	Love often drove families not "parental arrangement" families closer smaller families women chose to have children
	*trans-Allegheny region, esp the Ohio-Indiana-Illinois tier
	invented the mechanical mower-reaper to harvest grains such as wheat steel plow enabled farmers to cut into the fertile but hard Midwestern soil these inventions changed agriculture from mindset of growing to eat to growing to sell and market made ambitious capitalists out of humble plowman *ag on a larger scale
	the future growth and the economic backbone of the western states was dependent on transportation
	hard-surfaced highway that ran 60 miles west from Philadelphia to Lancaster drivers had to pay a toll to use it. 15% annual dividends to its stockholders stimulated west growth
	an expressway on which tolls are collected barrier of sharp pikes *the sharp pikes are turned aside when toll paid to let car through
	expensive state righters opposed federal aid to local projects *eastern states against being bled of their populations
	installed a steam engine in a vessel and created the first steamboat (Clermont 1807) went 150 mi in 32 hours played a vital role in the opening of the West and South rivers now two-way street instead of one
	called national road It went from Cumberland, in western Maryland, to Illinois
	called this by opponents headed up the Erie Canal by NY governor Dewitt Clinton
	*cause NY cut off from federal aid by states' righters
	linked Great Lakes with Hudson River tapped the fabulous ag potential of the Midwest construction provided employment shipping costs from the West to the East dropped 20 times ($100 became $5) western cities like Cleveland, Detroit and Chicago boomed canal effectively stole most of the trade from the Mississippi River
	railroad
	opposed because of safety flaws and they took away money from the Erie Canal investors. considered a dangerous public menace flying sparks could start fires railway accidents feeble brakes affected arrivals and departures numerous differences in gauges(width) *gauge of track wasn't standardized
	called the greatest wire puller in history stretched a cable under the deep North Atlantic waters from Newfoundland to Ireland *it went dead after three weeks, but a heavier cable laid in 1866 permanently linking the American and European continents
	ships sacrificed cargo room for speed and were able to transport small amounts of goods in short amounts of time. long, narrow, fast hauled cargo to foreign nations, mainly china their speed gave them much of the tea trade between the Far East and Britain *succumbed to steam
	carried mail from Missouri to California collapsed due to lack of profit and steam *lightweight riders on ponies
	system for transmitting messages that use a series of dots and dashes to represent the letters of the alphabet, numbers, and punctuation
	transportation revolution wanted to link the West with the rest of the nation roads, canals, steamboats linked the nation *South largely left to use its rivers
	South raised cotton for export to New England and Britain West grew grain and livestock to feed factory worker in East and Europe East made machines and textiles for the South and West All of these products were transported using the railroad; the railroad linked America.
	transformed a subsistence economy of scattered farms and tiny workshops into a national network of industry and commerce
	said "the rights of a community were greater than a corporate contract good news for entrepreneurs trying to get a start-up business going
	fared worst many came to make up a floating mass of "drifters" buffeted from town to town by the shifting prospects for menial jobs

	raw frontier
	Europe stretches to the Alleghenies ; America lies beyond
	the real America is farther than the Alleghenies
	frequent uncertainty of legal title to the land grim poorly fed, ill-clad, housed in hastily erected shanties victims of disease, depression, early death unbearable loneliness esp in women who often went mad women cut off from human contact for long times and cramped in dark and secluded cabins
	pioneers in a hurry often exhausted the land in the tobacco region & them pushed on *barren and rain-gutted fields were often left behind
	cane as high as 15 ft was a barrier to the plow settlers found that when cane burned off European bluegrass thrived in the charred cane fields *Kentucky bluegrass" made ideal pasture for livestock luring 1,000s more American homesteaders into KY
	*California coast, other traders bought large quantities of sea-otter pelts driving them to near-extinction
	By 1820s, trappers set traps all over Rocky Mountain region Fur trapping based on "rendezvous system" *traders waited for Indians and trappers to arrive with fur in exchange for Eastern goods
	painter student of art painted western scenes and Native Americans first advocate of national parks suggestion became the 1st national park...Yellowstone 1st to advocate preservation of nature as national policy
	mid 1800s population continued to double every 25 yrs 33 stars in American flag U.S. 4th most populous nation in western world 1790 only 2 American cities past 20,000 or more Philly and NY *1860 43 cities
	poor sanitation smelly slums feeble street lights inadequate policing (crime) impurities foul sewage ravenous rats improper garbage disposal *high birth rate
	Europe running out of room land of freedom and opportunity attracted to land freedom from church
	letters sent home by immigrants described the richer life: low taxes, no compulsory military service and three meat meals a day
	thousands of Irish emigrated to America better life *potato crops failed led to starvation and hunger
	another name for Ireland they were poor, uneducated, and Catholic
	Boston/New York Boston in 1823 pioneered a sewer system and NY in 1842 abandoned wells and cisterns for a piped-in water supply
	looked down upon by U.S. protestants given worst paying jobs forced to live in squalor crammed into slums
	No Irish Need Apply *commonly posted sign at factory gates
	shadowy Irish miners union(workers) that rocked the Pennsylvania coal districts in the 1860s and 1870s used violence to try to improve dangerous working conditions and anti-Irish sentiment in the PA coalfields
	the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in controlling New York City politics and helping immigrants (most notably the Irish) rise up in American politics from the 1790s to the 1960s.
	1848-Germans came in to U.S. crop failure but also flee the chaos of war
	Lutheran, clinging to native language outspoken against slavery heavy drinkers kept to themselves to preserve their culture
	the Conestoga wagon KY rifle Christmas tree kindergarten
	large influx of immigrants caused "nativists" to strike back nativists are those born in America and opposed to immigration *suspicious of Germans
	*newcomers were uneducated, poor, from non-dem background (Irish Catholic) and willing to work for next to nothing
	became powerful with large influx of Irish/ German immigrants 1840s constructed a separate Catholic education system *by 1850 1.8 million communicants
	formed in 1849 as the "Order of the Star-Spangled Banner" secret society always answered inquiries with "I know nothing" wanted restriction on immigration, and deportation of aliens *wrote fiction that fed off fears of immigrants
	Catholic convent near Boston burned by a howling mob attacks on Catholic schools and churches *184 2 churches in Philly burned..13 killed and 50 Catholic wounded
	*began in England when machine and factories began to replace handmade products
	cheap land-shortage of labor, why work for someone else when you can buy cheap land and work it yourself workers-influx of immigrants meant no shortage of labor *raw materials-America was large and many resources lay undeveloped, undiscovered, and unsuspected consumers-America had many people just "starting out" and eager to buy whatever was produced
	Father of the factory system memorized the way that the British made machines and he brought the idea to America made our firstthread spinning machine. thread spinning system created a shortage of cotton fiber
	invented the cotton gin 1793 separated the fiber from the seed *50 times more effective than hand picking
	the South's production of cotton greatly increased and the demand for cotton revived the demand for slavery caused the North to expand its factories for spinning and weaving cloth
	soil wasn't good for farming dense population provided labor and accessible markets *quick-moving rivers drove the mills and it had quick access to seaports
	Law that forbade American ships from sailing to foreign ports and closed American ports to British ships
	hurt economy forced young manufacturing to grow European commerce temporarily ruined capital and labor driven from waves onto factory floors
	created by Eli Whitney machine-made components of anything could be swapped out if one broke widely adopted in 1850 turned into mass production *guns made this way
	by perfecting the cotton gin he gave slavery a renewed lease on life and perhaps made inevitable, the civil war by popularizing the principles of interchangeable parts, he helped factories to flourish in the North giving the union a decided advantage when the war came
	invented by Elias Howe, perfected by Isaac Singer gave North industrialization another strong boost
	1800's 306 patents 1860s 28,000 patents
	an official document granting an inventor exclusive rights to his/her invention for seven to nine years
	created by Samuel F.B. Morse provided nearly instant communication *1st words on his "talking wire" were "what hath God wrought?"
	side effect of factory system was the exploitation of workers(wage slaves)
	unsafe-unsanitary building, lighted and heated unhealthy-poorly ventilated, skimpy meals and hastily gulped long hours and low wages-forbidden by law to form unions to raise wages child labor common-childhood short and harsh *1820 1/2 of nations industry workers under 10 yoa
	court decided that unions were not conspiracies and it gave workers the right to protest and strike against companies provided that their methods were "honorable and peaceful"
	10 hour work day higher wages better conditions public education *end of inhumane imprisonment for debt
	nurse, domestic service(housekeeping) and teachers spinning yarn, weaving cloth, and making candles, soap, butter, and cheese.
	idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands
	women played a role in having less kids. assertiveness in society *signified the growing power and independence of women
	showplace factory containing all farm girls textile mill in Lowell, Mass carefully supervised on and off job escorted to church from company boarding houses *no union-few opportunities to share dissatisfaction over their grueling working conditions
	Love often drove families not "parental arrangement" families closer smaller families women chose to have children
	*trans-Allegheny region, esp the Ohio-Indiana-Illinois tier
	invented the mechanical mower-reaper to harvest grains such as wheat steel plow enabled farmers to cut into the fertile but hard Midwestern soil these inventions changed agriculture from mindset of growing to eat to growing to sell and market made ambitious capitalists out of humble plowman *ag on a larger scale
	the future growth and the economic backbone of the western states was dependent on transportation
	hard-surfaced highway that ran 60 miles west from Philadelphia to Lancaster drivers had to pay a toll to use it. 15% annual dividends to its stockholders stimulated west growth
	an expressway on which tolls are collected barrier of sharp pikes *the sharp pikes are turned aside when toll paid to let car through
	expensive state righters opposed federal aid to local projects *eastern states against being bled of their populations
	installed a steam engine in a vessel and created the first steamboat (Clermont 1807) went 150 mi in 32 hours played a vital role in the opening of the West and South rivers now two-way street instead of one
	called national road It went from Cumberland, in western Maryland, to Illinois
	called this by opponents headed up the Erie Canal by NY governor Dewitt Clinton
	*cause NY cut off from federal aid by states' righters
	linked Great Lakes with Hudson River tapped the fabulous ag potential of the Midwest construction provided employment shipping costs from the West to the East dropped 20 times ($100 became $5) western cities like Cleveland, Detroit and Chicago boomed canal effectively stole most of the trade from the Mississippi River
	railroad
	opposed because of safety flaws and they took away money from the Erie Canal investors. considered a dangerous public menace flying sparks could start fires railway accidents feeble brakes affected arrivals and departures numerous differences in gauges(width) *gauge of track wasn't standardized
	called the greatest wire puller in history stretched a cable under the deep North Atlantic waters from Newfoundland to Ireland *it went dead after three weeks, but a heavier cable laid in 1866 permanently linking the American and European continents
	ships sacrificed cargo room for speed and were able to transport small amounts of goods in short amounts of time. long, narrow, fast hauled cargo to foreign nations, mainly china their speed gave them much of the tea trade between the Far East and Britain *succumbed to steam
	carried mail from Missouri to California collapsed due to lack of profit and steam *lightweight riders on ponies
	system for transmitting messages that use a series of dots and dashes to represent the letters of the alphabet, numbers, and punctuation
	transportation revolution wanted to link the West with the rest of the nation roads, canals, steamboats linked the nation *South largely left to use its rivers
	South raised cotton for export to New England and Britain West grew grain and livestock to feed factory worker in East and Europe East made machines and textiles for the South and West All of these products were transported using the railroad; the railroad linked America.
	transformed a subsistence economy of scattered farms and tiny workshops into a national network of industry and commerce
	said "the rights of a community were greater than a corporate contract good news for entrepreneurs trying to get a start-up business going
	fared worst many came to make up a floating mass of "drifters" buffeted from town to town by the shifting prospects for menial jobs