SparkNotes AP US History Study Cards Flashcards

7007841	Clarence Darrow	Chicago trial lawyer, defended John Scopes in the 1925 Scopes Monkey Trial
7007842	James (Fennimore) Cooper	Influential American writer whose books include "The Last of the Mohicans" and "The Pioneers"
7007843	Jefferson Davis	President of the Confederacy
7007844	Dawes Plan	Plan devised by U.S. banker to scale back reparation payments for WWI and establish a cycle of loans to Germany which let is pay off outstanding war debts to the Allies.
7007845	Eugene Debs	Prominent socialist leader (and five time presidential candidate) who founded the American Railroad Union and led the 1894 Pullman Strike
7007846	Loving V. Virginia	1867 court case that declared all laws against interracial marriage unconstitutional
7007847	Douglas MacArthur	Commander of the U.S. army in the Pacific during WWII
7007848	Macon's Bill No. 2	Jame's Madison's 1810 ploy to get either Britain or France to lift trade restrictions. The Bill stated that if either country agreed to free trade with the U.S., sanctions would be re-imposed against the other country.
7007849	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese explorer who found a sea route to the Spice Island by sailing around the American continent. His crew was the first to circumnavigate the world.
7007850	Horace Mann	Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation.
7007851	Mann-Elkins Act (1910)	Act giving the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to regulate telephone and telegraph lines, along with cable and wireless establishments.
7007852	Mao Zedong	Chinese political leader who founded the Chinese Communist Party in 1921 and later the People's Republic of China
7007853	John Marshall	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835. Presided over cases such as Marbury V. Madison
7007854	Thurgood Marshall	Black attorney who successfully argued the case of Brown V. Board of Eduction in front of the Supreme Court
7007855	Mason-Dixon Line	Line created in the 1760's to separate the colonial charters of William Penn and Lord Baltimore. Also served as a divider between free and slave states before the Civil War.
7013809	Mayflower Compact	A compact sign by the Mayflower Pilgrims to create a "civil body politic" under the sovereignty of James I
7013810	McCullough V. Maryland	Supreme Court case in which it ruled that states could not tax federal institutions such as the Second Bank of the United States
7013811	McKinley Tariff	1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history
7013812	Meat Inspection Act	1906 act which set federal regulations for meatpacking plants and established a system of federal inspection
7013813	Medical Care Act	Part of President Johnson's "Great Society" program this act created Medicare and Medicaid
7013814	Mexican War	War declared in 1846 after Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande into Texas. Was ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which gave the U.S. Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million to Mexico
7013815	Missouri Compromise	1820 compromise of the admission of MIssouri into the United States. Admitted Missouri as a slave state, and Maine as a free state
7013816	US V. E.C. Knight Co.	Supreme Court case which said that the Sherman Antitrust Act did not apply to manufacturing
7013817	Martin Van Buren	Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836
7013818	Virginia Plan	Plan presented to the Constitutional Convention that proposed the creation of a bicameral legislature with representation in both houses proportional to population. The plan favored large states as such.
7013819	Virginia Resolves	Resolutions adopted by the Virginia House of Burgesses in response to the 1765 Stamp Act that denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies
7013820	Voting Rights Act	1965 act which guaranteed the right to vote to all Americans, and allowed the federal government to intervene in order to ensure that minorities could vote
7013821	Wade-Davis Bill	Bill passed in 1864 which set forth stringent requirements for Confederate states readmission to the Union. Vetoed by President Lincoln who favored a more lenient plan
7013822	War of 1812	War between the U.S. and Great Britain which lasted until 1814, ending with the Treaty of Ghent and a renewed sense of American nationalism
7013823	War Production Board	Created in 1942, this organization oversaw the production of planes, tanks, artillery pieces, and munitions needed for entering WWII
7013824	The Warren Commission	Commission created by Lyndon Johnson to look into the Kennedy assassination.
7013825	Earl Warren	Chief Justice on the Supreme Court from 1953 to 1969, presided over the Brown V. Board of Education case
7013826	Watts Race Riots	1964 riots which started in an African-American ghetoo of Los Angeles and left 30 dead and 1,000 wounded. Riots lasted a week, and spurred hundreds more around the country.
7013827	Daniel Webster	Leader of the Whig Party, and one of America's leading statesmen in the first half of the nineteenth century
7013828	Roger Williams	A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south
7013829	Wilmot Proviso	Provision that stipulated that slavery be prohibited in any territory the U.S. gained from Mexico. Did not end up passing through the Senate
7013830	John Winthrop	Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, envisioned colony as a "city upon a hill"
7013831	Women's Christian Temperance Union	Group founded in 1874 that worked with the Anti-Saloon League to push for nation-wide temperance
7013832	Women's Strike For Equality	Strike in August of 1970 in which tens of thousands of women held demonstrations to demand legal abortions and the right to equal employment
7013833	Worcester V. Georgia	Supreme Court case in which it ruled that the Cherokee tribe was its own nation (inside Georgia) and deserved protection from harassment. Andrew Jackson said whatever, meet my friend the trail of tears.
7013834	Writs of Assistance	Search warrants which allowed British customs officers to search any colonial building or ship that they believed might contain smuggled goods (even without probable cause for suspicion.)
7013835	The Age of Reason	A book by Thomas Paine in which he critiqued organized religion.
7013836	Bacon's Rebellion	Rebellion of 300 Virginia settlers against local Native Americans after the local government refused to act
7013837	Horatio Alger	Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work
7013838	American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)	Organization founded in 1920 which seeks to protect the civil liberties of individuals in the U.S. often by bringing "test cases" against the court to challenge questionable laws
7013839	Battle of Antietam	Civil War battle in which the North suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties
7013840	Annapolis Convention	Delegates from fives states met in Annapolis in 1786 and ended up suggesting another convention to amend the Articles of Confederation
7013841	Battle of Gettysburg	Largest battle of the Civil War, usually considered the turning point for the North
7013842	Anti-Federalists	Opponents of the constitutions during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government.
7013843	Anti-Imperialist League	Group that argued against American imperialism in the late 1890s. It's members included Andrew Carnegie and Mark Twain
7013844	Black Power	Term for the more militant faction of Civil Rights groups that sprang up in the late 1960s
7013845	Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)	1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means
7013846	To Secure These Rights	Report produced by the Committee of Civil Rights in 1957 that called for the elimination of segregation
7013847	William Jennings Bryan	Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party. Later a witness in the Scopes Monkey Trial
7013848	Townshend Duties	Popular name for the Revenue Act of 1767 which taxed glass, lead, paint, paper and tea entering the colonies
7013849	Transcontinental Treaty	Treaty signed in 1819 between the U.S. and Spain in which Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. and agreed to a southern border of the U.S. west extending all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
7013850	Treaty of Ghent	Treaty signed on Christmas Eve in 1814 that ended the War of 1812
7013851	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million
7013852	Treaty of Paris (1763)	Ended the Seven Years War in Europe and the French and Indian war in North America. Britain won all of Canada.
7013853	Treaty of Paris (1783)	Treaty that ended the Revolutionary War and granted the U.S. its independence
7013854	Stokely Carmichael	A leader of the Black Nationalist movement in 1966, he coined the phrase "Black Power". Broke off from the nonviolent movements.
7013855	Truman Doctrine	Declaration that the U.S. would support people anywhere in the world facing "attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."
7013856	Nat Turner	Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives
7013857	Underwood Tariff	Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax
7013858	Taft-Hartley Act	Centerpiece act of a congressional effort to restrict union power. Banned certain union practices and allowed the President to call for an 80-day "cooling off" period to delay strikes thought to pose risks to national safety
7013859	Roger B. Taney	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1836 to 1864, presided over the Dred Scott case among others
7013860	Tariff of Abominations	Name given to the 1828 tariff because of its serious negative impact on the South's economy, while benefiting Northern and Western industrial interests. Led to the nullification crisis.
7013861	Tea Act	1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party.
7013862	Tecumseh	Shawnee chief who tried to united Native American tribes in Ohio and Indiana against encroaching white rule. Failed.
7013863	Tehran Conference	First major meeting between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war
7028135	Toussaint l'Ouverture	Led the Haitan Revolution, resulting in an overthrow of French colonial rule in Haiti.
7028136	Shay's Rebellion	1780's Massachusets rebblion in which farmers tried to shut down three county courthouses to prevent foreclosure proceedings. Uprising showed need for a stronger central government under the Articles of Confederation
7028137	Siege of Yorktown	1781 battle in which French and American forces encircled and trapped British General Cornwallis's army, forcing the surender of 8,000 troops
7028138	Loose Constructionists	People who favored a loose reading of the Constitution, especially the elastic clause in order to expand central government powers. Mindset formed the core of the Federalist Party, led by Alexander Hamilton.
7028139	Marcus Garvey	African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.
7028140	Pullman Strike	An 1894 strike again the Pullman Palace Car Company led by Eugene Debs. Crippled chicago railroad traffic, and was crushed by federal troops. 13 deaths, 53 injuries
7028141	Personal Liberty Laws	Laws passed by nine northern states during the 1850s to counteract the Fugitive Slave Act
7028142	Samuel Gompers	Founding leader of the American Federation of Labor
7028143	Charles Lindbergh	First person to complete a non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean.
7028144	Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer	Series of letters by John Dickinson denoucing the Townshend Duties. Inspired anti-British sentiment throughout the colonies.
7028145	Liberal Republicans	Party formed in 1872 (split from the ranks of the Republican Party) which argued that the Reconstruction task was complete and should be set aside. Significantly dampered further Reconstructionist efforts.
7028146	Kitchen Cabinet	Nickname for the informal circle of advisors president Andrew Jackson relied on.
7028147	Second continental Congress	Meeting in May 1775 this convention opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain.
7028148	Shoot-on-Sight Order	This order was a response to German submarine attacks on American ships in the Atlantic. Authorized navy patrols to fire on any Axis ships found between the U.S. and Iceland.
7028149	Limited Test-Ban Treaty	Agreement between JFK and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev prohibiting undersea and atmospheric testing of nuclear weaponry
7028150	The Liberator	Abolitionist paper published by William Lloyd Garrison from 1831 to 1865. Influence greatly the growing abolitionist movement
7028151	Henry Kissinger	Served as national security adviser and secretary of state under Nixon. Often met secretly with communist leader to improve East-West cooperation.
7028152	Munn V. Illinois	1876 case that stated Congress could not regulate commerce within a state and the federal government did not have the right to regulate private businesses
7028153	Committees of Correspondence	Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies
7028154	Gulf of Tonkin Resolution	Resolution passed by the Senate in 1964 that allowed President Lyndon Johnson borad war-time powers whthout explicitily declaring war
7028155	Hartford Convention	Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence
7028156	Hayes-Tilden Compromise	Also known as the Compromise of 1877, it resolved the disputed presidential election of 1876, giving Republican Hayes the presidency in exchange for removing troops from the South and ending reconstruction
7028157	Helsinki Convention	Treaties signed in 1975 between Gerald Ford and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev (along with 31 other, not important, leaders) which solidified European boundaries, and promised to respect human rights+freedom of travel
7028158	Rationalism	Viewpoint that held religious beliefs should not simply be accepted but should instead be acquired through investigation and reflection
7028159	Reagonomics	Ronald Reagan's economic beliefs that a captitalist system free from taxation and government involvement would be most productive
7028160	Reconstruction Finance Corportation	Created by Hoover in 1932 this organization made loans to large economics institutions such as railroads and banks.
7028161	Ho Chi Minh	Leader of the Vietnamese revolutionaries called the Viet Cong
7028162	Homestead Strike	1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.
7028163	J. Edgar Hoover	Head of the FBI from 1924 until 1972, aggresively investigated suspected subversives during the Cold War
7028164	House of Burgesses	Established in Jamestown in 1619, is considered the first represtantive government in the New World. It consisted of 22 representatives from 11 districts of colonists
7030957	Equal Rights Amendment	Supported by the National Organization for Women, this amendment would prevent all gender-based discrimination practices. However, it never passed the ratification process.
7030958	Leif Ericson	Alleged leader of a group of Icelandic people who sailed to the eastern coast of Canada and unsuccessfully attempted to colonize the area around the year 1000
7030959	Palmer Raids	A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities
7030960	Erie Canal	Begun in 1817 and finished in 1825, this was America's first major canal project
7030961	Medgar Evers	NAACP leader in Mississippi, who was assassinated in Jackson, Mississippi in 1963
7030962	Henry Hudson	English explorer (for the Dutch East Indian company) who sailed up the Hudson river in 1609 nearly reaching (present day) Albany.
7030963	The Rosenbergs	Liberal Jews who were prosecuted in the 1950's over accused spying for the Soviets. Were convicted and senteced to death, and killed in 1953
7030964	Immigration Acts	Set of laws starting in 1921 that set qoutas for the number of immigrants let in.
7030965	Panic of 1837	Ecnomic downturn caused by loose lending practices of stat banks' and overspeculation. Martin Van Buren spent most of his time in office attempting to stablize and lessen the economic situation
7030966	Panic of 1819	Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.
7030967	Fair Labor Standards Act	1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor
7030968	Impressment	British policy practiced in the early 1800s whereby the British boarded American ships in search of British naval desserts, whom they would force back into service. Many times natural born Americans were also taken. Helped spark the War of 1812.
7030969	Indpendent Treasury Bill	Law signed in 1840 that established an independent treasury to hold public funds in reserve and prevent excessive lending by state banks, thus guarding against inflation. Response to the Panic of 1837
7030970	Joint Chiefs of Staff	Positions created by FDR in 1942 to oversee the rapidly growing military. Included representatives of the army, navy and air force
7030971	Mugwumps	Derogatory term for the more liberal members of the Republican party who supported Grover Cleveland in 1884 over Republican candidate James G. Blaine
7030972	Judiciary Act (1789)	1789 act which created the court system, establishing a federal district court in each state and affirming the Supreme Courts power to exercise final jurisdiction in all legal matters
7030973	Kansas-Nebraska Act	Act passed in 1854 which divided the Nebraska territory into two parts, Kansas and Nebraska and left the issue of slavery up to popular sovereignty.
7030974	Selective Service Act	Instituted a draft to build up U.S. military forces. Required all men aged 21 to 30 to register for military duty
7030975	Henry Cabot Lodge	Led a group of senators during Woodrow Wilson's presidency known as the "reservationists" during the 1919 debate over the League of Nations.
7030976	Farmers' Alliance	Took the place of the Grange during the 1880s as a support group for the nation's farmers. Became politically active in the Midwest and South and helped found the Populist Party
7030977	Separatists	English Protestants wh owould not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. Included the Pilgrims and Quakers
7030978	Spanish-American War	War that broke out in 1898 over U.S. concers for the Cuban independence movement. The U.S. decisively won the war, gaining the territories of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines from Spain along with securing independence for Cuba
7030979	Panic of 1893	Sharp economic downturn that began when the railroad industry faltered during the early 1890s followed by the collapse of many related industries
7030980	Panic of 1873	Economic panic caused by overexpansion and overspeculation, causing the nation's largest bank to collapse (and bringing with it many smaller banks, business firms and the stock market)
7030981	Federal Emergency Relief Act (1933)	One of the New Deal's most comprehensive measures, this 1933 act appropriated $500 million to support state and local treasuries that had run dry
7030982	Congregationalism	Church system set up by the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony wherein each local church served as the center of its own community
7030983	Stamp Act Congress	1765 meeting of representatives of the nine colonies in New York City.
7030984	Elizabeth (Cady) Stanton	Prominent advocate of women's rights who organization the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention with Lucretia Mott
7030985	Federal Home Loan Bank Act	A late effort by Hoover to address the problems of the destitute. Established a series of banks to make loans to other banks, in a circle of bankyness.
7030986	Federal Reserve Act	Woodrow Wilson's most notable legislative success, this 1913 act reorganize the American banking system by creating a network of twelve federal reserve banks authorzied to distribute currency.
7031741	Gospel of Success	Ideology that attempted to justify the enormous and growing gap between rich and poor in the U.S. during the Industrial Revolution. Supported by writers like Horatio Alger
7031742	Plessy V. Ferguson	Supreme Court decision that upheld separate but equal segregation
7031743	Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)	Group which emerged from the American Federation of Labor in 1938 which became and influential labor group. Merged with the AFL in 1955
7031744	Thaddeus Stevens	Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress who was devoted to a stringent and punitive Reconstruction effort. Worked towards equality for Southern blacks.
7031745	Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)	Treaty signed in 1972 by Nixon which limited each of the superpowers to 200 antiballistic missiles and set qoutas for intercontinenal and submarine missiles
7031746	Strict Constructions	Favored a strict reading of the constitution in order to limit the powers of the central government. Formed the core ideology of the Republican Party which was led by Thomas Jefferson.
7031747	Suffolk Resolves	Declared that the colonies need not obey the 1773 Coercive Acts, since they infringed upon basic liberties
7031748	Polio Vaccine	Vaccine created by Dr. Jonas Salk in 1995
7031749	Sugar Act (1764)	This 1764 act lowered the duty on foreign-produced molasses as an attempt to discourage colonial smuggling. Further said that Americans could export whatever as long as it passed through British ports first
7031750	Great Debate	Nickname for the eight-month long discussion in Congress over Henry Clay's proposed compromise to admit California as a free state and alow the remainder of the Mexican cession to be decided by popular sovereignty. Became known as the Compromise of 1850
7031751	Great Society	Lyndon B. Johnson's program for domestic policy
7031752	Charles Sumner	Leading Radical Republican senator throughout the Civil War and Reconstruction periods
7031753	Pendleton (Civil Service) Act	1883 act which established a civil service exam for government jobs and made hiring processes based upon merit rather than political favors
7031754	Declaratory Act	Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.
7058149	Free-Soil Party	A political party formed in 1848 from a merger between the northern Democratic Party, abolitionist Liberty Party and Antislavery Party. It supported abolition and nominated Martin Van Buren has their candidate for president
7058150	Emergency Committee for Unemployment	Herbert Hoover's principal effort to lower the unemployment rate. Organization sought to consolidate unemployment relief by voluntary agencies, but was granted only limited resources
7058151	John Rolfe	English settler in Jamestown who married the daughter of the chief of the Native American Powhatan tribe ... (wait for it) ... (wait for it) ... Pocahontas! He also introduced Jamestown colonists to tobacco, which became their lifeblood (but not like in the vampire sense)
7058152	Enforcement Acts (1870 and 1871)	Passed largely in response to the activities of the Ku Klux Klan, these 1870 and 1871 acts protected black suffrage
7058153	Boris Yeltsin	President of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign.
7058154	Potsdam Conference	Final meeting between the Big Three powers (U.S., Russia and Britain) under the pretense of a wartime alliance
7058155	Engle V. Vitale	1962 case in which the court rule that school prayer was unconstitutional
7058156	Quasi-War	Term widely used to describe French and American naval conflicts between 1798 to 1800. Neither nation declared war, although they carried out naval operations against each other
7058157	Gag Rule	1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress
7058158	Korematsu V. U.S.	1944 Supreme Court case which upheld FDR's 1942 executive order for teh evacuation of all Japanese-Americans on the West Coast into internment camps which operated until 1945
7058159	National Origins Act	Act which restricted immigration from any one nation to two percent of the number of people already in the U.S. of that national origin in 1890. Severely restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, and excluded Asians entirely
7058160	Detente	Term refering to a relaxation of tensions between the U.S. and USSR in the '60s and '70s when the two powers signed treaties limiting nuclear arms productions and opened up economic relations
7058161	Schechter Poultry Corporation V. U.S.	Supreme Court case which declared the NRA (National Recovery Administration) unconstitutional
7058162	Smith Act	1940 act which made it illegal to speak of or advocate overthrowing the U.S. government. Was used by Truman 11 times to prosecute suspected Communists
7058163	Smith-Connolly War Labor Dispute Act	1943 act which limited the right to strike in key industries and authorized the president to intervene in any strike
7058164	Smoot-Hawley Tariff	One of Herbert Hoover's earliest efforts to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression. Tariff raised rates to an all-time high.
7058165	New York Times Co. V. U.S.	Supreme Court case protecting the freedom of the press by allowing the New York Times to publish the "Pentagon Papers" despite the Justice Department's order to restrict it
7058166	Paris Accords	1973 treaties that settle the terms for a U.S. withdrawal from Indochina, ending the war between the U.S. and North Vietnam. Left the North V. South Vietnam conflict unresolved.
7058167	Domino Theory	Theory that if one nation fell to Communism, all the surrounding nations would likely fall as well. Justification for Vietnam War (in part, obviously)
7058168	The Federalist Papers	Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists
7058169	Stephen A. Douglas	Speaker of the House who pushed the Compromise of 1850 through Congress. Became the leading Northern Democrat and supporter of popular sovereignty, and authored the Kansas-Nebraska Act
7058170	Non-Intercourse Act	After the repeal of the Embargo Act, this 1809 law restricted trade with Britain and France only, opening up trade with all other foreign ports
7058171	15th Amendment	Gave blacks the vote
7058172	Sir Francis Drake	English explorer/pirate who circumnavigated the globe from 1577 to 1580 and was sent by Queen Elizabeth I to raid Spanish ships/settlements for gold
7058173	Margaret Sanger	Leader of the birth control movement, she was found guilty of obscenity for promoting contraceptions in the mail in 1914
7058174	First Continental Congress	First political body that convened in 1774 to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress ended up endorsing the Suffolk Resolves, urging a boycott of British imports and sending a petition to King George III
7058175	Force Bill	Part of the Compromise of 1833 the bill authorized President Andrew Jackson to use arms to collect customs duties in South Carolina
7058176	Office of Strategic Services (OSS)	Established by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1942 to conduct espionage, collect information crucial to strategic planning, and assess the strengths and weaknesses of the enemy
7058177	Office of War Information	Organization that employed artists, writers and advertisers to shape public opinion concerning World War II. A big propaganda machine.
7058178	14th Amendment	Gave blacks citizenship
7058179	Popular Front	Political group active in aiding the leftist forces in the Spanish Civil War. Earnest Hemingway and other prominent American intellectuals and writers joined the group
7058180	Oil Embargo	Economic crisis of 1973 that occurred when OPEC nations refused to export oil to Western nations. Ensuing economic crisis plagued Gerald Ford's time in office.
7058181	Embargo Act	1807 act which ended all of America's importation and exportation. Jefferson hoped the act would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. Really, however, just hurt Americans and our economy and got repealed in 1809.
7058182	Freeport Doctrine	Stephen A. Douglas's argument in support of popular sovereignty