WHAP: Chapter 11 Terms

	Nomadic peoples from beyond the northern frontier of the sedentary agricultural area in Mesoamerica; established capital of Tula following migration into central Mesoamerican plateau; strongly militaristic ethic including cult of human sacrifice; Succeeded Teotihuacan culture in central Mexico; Nahuatlspeaking people; established political control over large territory after 1000 c.e.; declined after 1200 c.e.
	The Mexica; one of the nomadic tribes that used political anarchy after fall of Toltecs to penetrate into the sedentary agricultural zone of Mesoamerican plateau; established empire after 1325 around shores of Lake Texcoco.
	Members of the hereditary nobility and occupied the top positions in the government, the army and the priesthood; helped increase social stresses which attributed to internal weaknesses of the Aztec Empire's downfall
	Major god of Aztecs; associated with fertility and the agricultural cycle; god of rain
	Originally a separate island city in Lake Texcoco; later incorporated into Tenochtitlan; market remained most important in combined city
	Seven clans in Aztec society, later expanded to more than sixty; divided into residential groupings that distributed land and provided labor and warriors
	Modern interpretation of Aztec society created by Marvin Harris; based on observation that Mesoamerica lacked cattle and sheep that replaced human sacrifice in the Old World
	Pachacuti's son and successor from 1471 to 1493; conquered northern coastal kingdom of Chimor by seizing it's irrigation system; extended Inca control into the southern area of what is now Ecuador
	Inca practice of descent; all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of cult of dead Inca's mummy
	Inca religious center locates at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas
	A class of people within Inca society removed from their ayllus to serve permanently as servants, artisans, or workers for the Inca or the Inca nobility
	Religious leader and reformer of the Toltecs; dedicated to god Quetzalcoatl; after losing struggle for power, went into exile in the Yucatan peninsula
	Language spoken by the Toltecs and Aztecs
	System of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records
	Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of cult of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god
	Beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture utilized by Aztecs
	Serfs; new class of workers created to serve as laborers on these lands; were sometimes from dependent clans or more often from conquered peoples
	Group of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create empire in Andean civilization c. 1438
	Word for Inca Empire; region from present-day Colombia to Chile and eastward to northern Argentina
	Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control
	Inca colonists in new regions; could be Quechua-speakers; used to pacify new conquest or conquered population moved to new home
	Households in Andean societies that recognized some form of kinship; traced descent from some common, sometimes mythical ancestor
	Originally a Mayan city; conquered by Toltecs c. 1000 and ruled by Toltec dynasties; architecture featured pyramid of Feathered Serpent (Quetzalcoatl)
	Founded c. 1325 on marshy island in Lake Texcoco; became center of Aztec power; joined with Tlacopan and Texcoco in 1434 to form a triple alliance that controlled most of central plateau of Mesoamerica
	Advisor to Aztec rulers from 1427 to c. 1480; had histories of Mexico rewritten; expanded cult of human sacrifice as effective means of political terror
	Toltec deity; Feathered Serpent; adopted by Aztecs as a major god
	Special merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items
	A view created by Spanish authors to describe Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole
	Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca