AP Civil Liberties & Civil Rights (Ch. 4, 5, 6)

47052005	substantive rights	constitutional guarantees essential for personal liberty. freedoms of speech, press,religion,assembly,and petition, freedom from involuntary servitude, and the right to equal protection of the law.
47264984	civil rights acts of 1866,1870,1871, and 1875	laws passed by congress after the civil war to guarantee the rights of blacks
47264985	civil rights act of 1957	the first civil rights law passed by congress since reconstruction, designed to secure the right to vote for blacks
47264986	civil rights act of 1960	a law designed to further secure the right to vote for blacks and to meet problems arising from racial upheavals in the south
47264987	civil rights act of 1964	This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.
47264988	civil rights act of 1968	this law banned discrimination in housing, the segregation of education, transprotation, and employment, it helped African Americans gain their full votin rights.
47799522	bad tendency rule	a test used by the supreme court to determine the permissible bounds of free speech
47799523	balancing doctrine	a concept used by judges to weigh the competing interests or values in a case
47799524	bill of attainder	a legislative act that declares the guilt of an individual and metes out punishment without a judicial trial
47799525	bill of rights	the first ten amendments to the united states constitution. it contains a listing of the rights a person enjoys that cannot be infringed upon by the government
47799526	censorship	the curbing of ideas either in speech or in writing before they are expressed
47799527	civil disobedience	refusal to obey a law, usually on the ground that the law is morally reprehension.
47799528	civil liberties	those liberties usually spelled out in a bill of rights or a constitution that guarantee the protection of persons, opinions, and property frome the arditrary interference of government officials.
47799529	civil rights	positive acts of government designed to protect persons against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government or individuals.
47799531	de facto segregation	the existence of racially segregated facilities that are,however,not required by law.
47799532	double jeopardy	the guarantee in the fifth amendment to the constitution that one may not be twice put in jepordy of life or loimb for the same offense.
47799533	due process of law	protection against arbitrary deprivation of life, liberty, or property.
47799534	eminent domain	the power inherent in all government to take over private property, provided that it is taken for a public purpose and that just compensation is awarded.
47799535	equal protection of the law	a requirement of the fourteenth amendment that state laws may not arbitrarily discriminate against persons
47799536	equal rights	a term used to describe the movement to equalize the right of men and women
47799537	ex post facto law	a criminal law that is retroactive and that has an adverse effect upon one accused oa a crime
47799542	freedom of assembly	the right of the people to congregate for the discussion of public questions and to organize into political parties or pressure groups for the purpose of influencing public policy
47799543	freedom of association	the right to organize for political, religious, or other social purposes
47799544	freedom of the press	the right to publish and disseminate information without prior restraint, subject to penalties for abuse of the right
47799545	freedom of religion	freedom of worship and religious practice
47810962	freedom of speech	the right to speak without prior restraint, subject to penalties for abuse of the right
47810964	habeas corpus	a court order directing an official who has a person in custody to bring the prisoner to court and to show cause for his detention
47810965	immunity	a privilege granted to a person that exempts him from prosecution for any self-incriminating testimony given by him before a court, grand jury, or investigating committee
47810968	libel and slander	written) (oral) you cannot make false statements in public that might damage a persons reputiation unless you can prove it
47810972	magna carta	the great charter of freedom granted in 1215 by king john of england on demand of his barons
47810973	natural rights	an underlying assumption of the american political creed that men are endowed by their creator with certain rights that may not be abridged by government
47810975	petition	a request to a public official that seeks to correct a wrong or to influence public policy
47816481	police power	the power inherent in state governments to protect the health, safety, morals, and welfare of the people
47816482	political right	the right to participate in the management of government and to influence public policy
47816484	privilege	an advantage, benefit, or opportunity granted to an individual or group to which it has no right
47816485	procedural rights	protection against arbitrary actions by public officials
47816487	racism	a belief that differences among people are rooted in ethnic stock
47816488	reasonable doubt	the standard for determining the guilt of a person charged with a criminal offense
47816489	religious test	a requirement that one profess belief in a particular religious faith or in a supreme being as a condition to holding public office
47816491	right to bear arms	the guarantee in the second amendment of the right to keep weaponds, recognition that "a well regulated militia is necessary to the security of a free state"
47816492	right to counsel	the guarantee in the sixth amendment to the constitution that a defendant in a criminal case have the assistance of an attorney
47816493	search and seizure	methods by which police officers gather evidence and make arrests
47816494	sedition	actions that incite rebellion or discontent against duly established government
47816495	segregation	the separation of the white and black races in public and private facilities
47816496	self-incrimination	testimony by a person that reveals facts that amy result in a criminal prosecution against him
47816497	separation of church and state	a basic principle of american government that prohibits the mingling of church and state
118742393	citizen	a native or naturalized member of a state or other political community
282091210	establishment clause	the First Amendment guarantee that the government will not create and support an official state church
282091211	exclusionary rule	a rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct
282091212	symbolic speech	nonverbal communication, such as burning a flag or wearing an armband. The Supreme Court has accorded some symbolic speech protection under the first amendment.
282091213	incorporation theory	The view that most of the protections of the Bill of Rights apply to state governments through the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause.
282091214	free exercise clause	the First Amendment guarantee that citizens may freely engage in the religious activities of their choice
282091215	slander	words falsely spoken that damage the reputation of another
282091216	libel	print slanderous statements against
282091391	de jure segregation	segregation that is imposed by law
282091392	suffrage	a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US constitution
282091393	affirmative action	a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities
282091394	reverse discrimination	Using race or sex to give preferential treatment to some people.