AP Biology Mitosis/Meiosis/Genetics Flashcards

95186450	Mitosis	in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes	0
95186451	Meiosis	(genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms	1
95186452	Cytokinesis	organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells	2
95186453	Chromatin	The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, it exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.	3
95186454	Sister Chromatids	Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II.	4
95186455	Centromere	a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape	5
95186456	Cell Cycle	series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide	6
95186457	Interphase	the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions	7
95186458	Centrioles	Located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division	8
95186459	Nucleoli	dense masses of RNA and protein that manufacture ribosomes, several of these are located in the nucleus.	9
95186460	Prophase	first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus	10
95186461	Metaphase	second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell	11
95186462	Anaphase	the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles	12
95186463	Telophase	the final stage of meiosis or mitosis, in which the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes	13
95186464	Cell Plate	A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.	14
95186465	Cleavage Furrow	pinching of the cell ("drawstring"): develops in animal cells only	15
95186466	Meiosis II	the second phase of meiosis consisting of chromatids separating, along with the two diploid cells splitting in two	16
95186467	Prophase I	The first phase of meiosis I. the replicated chromosomes condense, homologous chromsomes pair up, crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes, the spindle is formed, and the nuclear envelope breaks apart into vesicles. the longest phase of meiosis.	17
95186468	Anaphase I	The third phase of meiosis I. the replicated homologous chromosomes are separated (the tetrad is split) and pulled to opposite sides of the cell.	18
95186469	Metaphase I	The second phase of meiosis I. the paired homologous chromsomes (tetrads) align at the center of the cell (the metaphase plate).	19
95186470	Telophase I	The fourth of meiosis I. the number of chromosoms is now reduced by half. After this phase the cell is considered to be haploid. Note however, that the chromosomes are still replicated, and the sister chromatids must still be separated during meiosis II.	20
95186471	Prophase II	The first phase of meiosis II. identical to the mitotic step, except that the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis I.	21
95186472	Metaphase II	The second phase of meiosis II. identical to the mitotic step, except that the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis I.	22
95186473	Anaphase II	The third phase of meiosis II. the sister chromatids are finally spearated at their centromeres and puled to opposite sides of teh cell. is identical to mitotic anaphase, excep the number of chromosmes was reduced by half during meiosis I.	23
95186474	Telophase II	The fourth and final phase of meiosis II. the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis. I.	24
95186475	Haploid	term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes	25
95186476	Diploid	(genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number	26
95186477	Synapsis	the side by side pairing of homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes at the start of meiosis	27
95186478	Tetrads	the paired chromosomes consisting of four chromatids	28
95186480	Crossing Over	the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis	29
95186481	Somatic Cells	any cell other than a gamete, has 46 chromosomes, body cells	30
95186482	Gametes	sex cells	31
95186483	Zygote	a fertilized egg	32
95186484	g1 Checkpoint	checks to see if cell size is adequate; chromosomes replication is successfully completed and checks for DNA errors	33
95186485	g0 Checkpoint	if condidtions are not apporpiate for the cell to divide or if it is not programmed to divide they are in this phase	34
95186486	g2 Checkpoint	asses if DNA replication has occured, go ahead signal triggers mitosis	35
95186488	Cyclin Dependent Kinases	cdk enzymes activate proteins to regulate the cell	36
95186489	Growth Factors	factors that stimulate the cell to divide	37
95186490	Density Dependent Inhibition	The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.	38
95186491	Anchorage Dependence	the requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to a solid surface.	39
95186492	allele	one of two alternate forms of a gene that can have the same locus on homologous chromosomes and are responsible for alternative traits	40
95186494	Law of Segregation	Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete	41
95186495	Law of Independent Assortment	states that allele pairs separate independently during the formation of gametes	42
95186496	Monohybrid Cross	hybridization using a single trait with two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas)	43
95186497	Dihybrid Cross	hybridization using two traits with two alleles each	44
95186498	Incomplete Dominance	creates a blended phenotype; one allele is not completely dominant over the other	45
95186499	Codominance	a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed	46
95186500	Multiple Alleles	three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait (such as blood types)	47
95186501	Epistasis	A type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited., One gene masks the expression of a different gene for a different trait	48
95186502	Pleiotropy	A single gene having multiple effects on an individuals phenotype (more than one phenotypic expression)	49
95186503	Linked Genes	genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses	50
95186504	Sex Linked Inheritance	Traits located on the sex cells. EX: Colorblindness, hemophilia.	51
95186505	X Inactivation	During development, females inactivate half of their X gene elles in order to prevent producing double the amount of the protein.	52
95186506	Nondisjunction	error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes don't separate; gametes end up with wrong number of chromosomes	53
95186507	Polyploidy	condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes	54
95186508	Point Mutations	changes in a DNA sequence caused by substitution of one nucleotide for another	55
95186509	Aneuploidy	an abnormality involving a chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number (one chromosome set is incomplete)(causes down sydrome and turners syndrome)	56
95186511	karyotype	the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in an individual or species (including the number and arrangement and size and structure of the chromosomes)	57
95186512	homologous chromosomes	chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structured, and that pair during meisosis	58
95186513	Autosomes	non-sex chromosomes	59
95186514	Down Syndrome	a congenital disorder caused by having an extra 21st chromosome	60
95186515	Turners Syndrome	condition seen in individuals carrying single X chromosome but no other sex chromosome (XO)	61
95186516	P Generation	parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross	62
95186517	f1 Generation	the first offspring from a cross of two varieties in the parental (P) generation	63
95186518	f2 Generation	the second generation of offspring, obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms; the offspring of the F1 generation	64
95186519	Pedigree	a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family	65
95186520	Tay-Sachs	recessive, lipid build up, causes fat build up in brain. death by 2	66
95186521	Klinefelter Syndrome	syndrome in males that is characterized by small testes and long legs and enlarged breasts and reduced sperm production and mental retardation (XXY)	67
100062780	Sickle cell anemia	A human genetic disease of red blood cells caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein; it is the most common inherited disease among African Americans.	68
100062781	Hemophilia	sex-linked recessive disorder defined by the absence of one or more proteins required for blood clotting	69
100062782	Cystic fibrosis	a human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consquent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated (4% whites are carriers - most common lethal genetic disease)	70
100062783	Huntington's disease	genetic disorder that causes progressive deterioration of brain cells. caused by a dominant allele. symptoms do not appear until the age of 30 or so	71
100062784	Albinism	Autosomal Recessive , a hereditary condition characterized by a partial or total lack of melanin pigment (particularly in the eyes, skin, and hair)	72