AP World History Flashcards Flashcards

AP World History Flashcards.

23162288	cultural diffusion	The exposure of cultures during interaction with other cultures	0
23162289	Neolithic Revolution	The agricultural revolution where humans began to settle down from their previously nomadic lifestyle	1
23162290	city-states	A group of loosely collected cities each with their own governmental system	2
23162291	polytheistic	A religion wherein more than one god is worshipped	3
23162292	ziggurat	A pyramid-like temple; built by Sumerians	4
23162293	Sumerians	A civilization that originated in southern Mesopotamia. They developed cuneiform writing and the 12 month calendar	5
23162294	Mesopotamia	The land between the rivers of the Tigris and Euphrates; home of many of the earliest civilizations like Sumer, Babylon, and Persia	6
23162295	Akkad	A city north of Sumer that rose to prominence as Sumer declined. Notable for developing the first known code of law.	7
23162296	Bronze Age	The latter half of the neolithic era is often called this due to the development of this metal. Considered an extremely important development in history.	8
23162297	Babylon	Another civilization in Mesopotamia; replaced Akkad, famous for King Hammurabi and the code named after him.	9
23162298	Code of Hammurabi	A system of law developed by King Hammurabi of Babylon; famous for distinguishing between major and minor offenses	10
23162299	Hittites	Famously displaced Babylon; used iron in their weapons giving them a potent militaristic advantage over other cultures who relied mainly on bronze	11
23162300	Assyrians	Defeated the Hittites, after learning to use iron against the Hittites themselves. Establish a capital at Ninevah. Established a well organized but resented empire.	12
23162301	Ninevah	The capital of Assyria	13
23162302	Nebuchadnezzar	A Chaldean King who rebuilt Babylon after defeating the Assyrians. Famous for a story of a forgotten dream.	14
23162303	Persian Empire	One of the largest ancient empires, that is distantly related to the modern state of Turkey. Built the Great Royal Road.	15
23162304	Great Royal Road	A long trade road established by the Persians	16
23162305	Lydians	A smaller society near the Persian Empire; famous for developing coined money	17
23162306	Phoenicians	Another civilization by the Persian Empire, famous for a powerful set of naval city-states on the Mediterranean, and for developing the alphabet that we use today	18
23162307	Hebrews	Another civilization that existed near the Persian Empire, significant for their religious belief of Judaism, one of the first monotheistic religions that continues today. At 1000 BCE they established Israel on the Eastern shores of the Mediterranean	19
23162308	Egyptian	This civilization developed along the Nile, and is famous for their iconic pyramids, religious system, and pharaohs. Had 3 kingdoms(ages); Old, Middle, and new. Reached its pinnacle during the New Kingdom, declined past there	20
23162309	King Menes	Egyptian pharaoh before the Old Kingdom, established his capital at the city of Memphis	21
23162310	pharaoh	Egyptian rulers	22
23162311	hieroglyphics	A writing system that was based off of pictures representing letters and words. Used extensively by Egyptians.	23
23162312	Queen Hatshepsut	The first female ruler in known history; she ruled for 22 years in what is considered a successful reign; expanding trade expeditions and so on.	24
23162313	Indus Valley Civilization	Another civilization lasting from 2500-1500 BCE that was built along the banks of the Indus River system. Rather limited in contact with other cultures due to the huge mountain systems by it	25
23162314	Khyber Pass	A pass through the Hindu Kush Mountains that allowed the Indus Valley Civilization to engage in some contact with the rest of the world. Exploited later by invaders.	26
23162315	Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro	The two major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization	27
23162316	Aryans	A series of nomadic tribes that originated from north of the Caucaus Mountains that invaded the Indian subcontinent. Their beliefs were eventually modified to form the basis of Hinduism. Their name was exploited by the Nazi's and Hitler millennia later when he wished to describe his "pure" race.	28
23162317	caste system	A system of classes that were used in Indian Civilization; famously opposed by Gandhi. Unique in that movement between castes was strictly forbidden; as was intermarriage.	29
23162318	Brahmans	The priests of Hinduism, they were considered the topmost on the caste laddder	30
23162319	Shang China	An early Chinese civilization that began in the Hwang Ho(Yellow) River Valley, creating a trade based society. Had very limited contact with external civilizations; famously ethnocentric. Developed the spoked wheel, and produced pottery and silk	31
23162320	patriarchal	A system of family organization that was led by the eldest male. Used extensively in most to all major early civilizations	32
23163589	Zhou Dynasty	Ousters of the Shang dynastly; led by Wu Wang	33
23210662	Mandate of Heaven	The Zhou Dynasties justification of rule by claiming that heaven would grant the Zhou power as long as they were just. Important for being the first invokement of divine right to rule,	34
23214418	bureaucracies	A form of organizing governments into branches or bureaus, in order to specialize and stabilize	35
23214419	Bantu	A family of languages in West Africa	36
23214420	Bantu Migration	A series of migrations where Bantu speaking people from west africa moved east and south starting at about 1500 BCE	37
23214421	Jenne-Jeno	A city in subsaharan Africa, believed to be the first such city. Established in 250 BCE.	38
23412387	Olmec	An early civilization in what is now Mexico that lasted from 1400 to 1200 BCE, urban, supported by agricultural surpluses of corn, squash, and beans. Polytheistic, mastered irrigation, developed a system of writing and a calendar. Did not develop in a river valley.	39
23412388	Chavin	Another early civilization that lasted from 900 to 300 BCE. Lived in the Andes, agricultural, learned metalworking, used llama's as beasts of burden. Did not develop in a river valley.	40
23412389	Maya	An ancient civilization contemporary with Rome, Han, and Gupta(despite being grouped with the later Aztec and Inca civilizations). Developed a highly accurate calendar, built pyramids, and wrote via hieroglyphics	41
23412390	Tikal	The most important mayan city, may have been populated by over 100,000 people	42
23412391	Chichen Itza	A tiered Mayan temple which is similar in design to the Egyptian pyramids and the Mesopotamian ziggurats	43
23412392	Mauryan Empire	An Indian Empire founded by Chandragupta Maurya, who unified the smaller Aryan kingdoms into a civilization.	44
23412393	Ashoka Maurya	The grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, he took the Mauryan Empire to its height. Famously converted to Buddhism after the deadly Kalinga Wars	45
23412394	Rock and Pillar Edicts	A series of edicts on...rocks and pillars that reminded Mauryans to live righteous lives according to Buddhist principles, A series of edicts on...rocks and pillars that reminded Mauryans to live righteous lives according to Buddhist principles	46
23412395	Chandra Gupta	Distinct from the Mauryan founder, he revived the Mauryan Empire into the Gupta Empire	47
23412396	Gupta Empire	An empire similar to the Mauryan empire, but more decentralized and considered a golden age due to the relative prosperity and peace. It was during this time that Gupta mathematicians developed the concepts of pi, zero, and the number system we use today. Collapsed under pressure from the White Huns in 550 CE	48
23412397	Qin Dynasty	A very short-lived Chinese dynasty famous for its tight organization, its completion of the Great Wall of China, its heavy-handedness in dealing with dissent, and its unceremonious end one year after the death of its first emperor, Qin Shihuangdi. Dominant belief system was Legalism	49
23412398	Qin Shihuangdi	Founder of the Qin Dynasty of China.	50
23414435	Han Dynasty	A highly successful Chinese dynasty that dislodged the Qin Dynasty. Repelled invasions by the Huns and established the Chinese civil service examinations. Trade flourished during this time period.	51
23414436	Wu Ti	Often called the Warrior Empire, he successfully enlarged the Han Empire to central Asia and repelled the Hun invaders	52
23414437	polis	A Greek city-state	53
23414438	Athens	The political, commercial, and cultural center of the Greek Civilization, a powerful city-state in its own right.	54
23414439	Sparta	A highly militaristic and agricultural polis in Greece, a powerful city-state in its own right	55
23414440	Draco & Solon	Two aristocrats who worked to create the democracy in Athens and ensure fair, equal, and open participation(by the standards of that time)	56
23414441	The Persian Wars	A series of wars where the Greek city-states united against Persia, and managed to maintain control of the Aegean Sea and push the Persian Empire back	57
23414442	Golden Age of Pericles	The period after the Persian Wars where Greece entered a period of peace and relative prosperity.	58
23414443	Pericles	The leader of Athens after the Persian War. He rebuilt Athens, and established the Delian League. He died during the Peloponnesian war due to the plague	59
23417973	The Delian League	An alliance between several Greek city-states for mutual defense against aggression from their common enemies	60
23417974	Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle	Famous Greek philosophers, who believed that truth could be determined through rational thought and observation. Considered the fathers of rational thinking	61
23417975	Homer	The writer of the epics "The Illiad" and "The Odyssey", considered the first two Western masterpieces of literature.	62
23417976	Peloponessian War	A war between Athens and Sparta. Although Sparta won, both states were so weakened that the Macedonians were able to take control of the entire region under the rule of Philip of Macedon	63
23417977	Alexander the Great	Philip of Macedon's son, taught by Aristotle. He widened Macedonian dominance by conquering the Persian Empire, Egypt, and moved to the shores of the Indus River, creating the largest empire of the time.	64
23417978	Antigonid, Ptolemaic, Seleucid	The three divisions that Alexander made to his empire, the first represented Greece and Macedon, the second Egypt, and the last Bactria and Anatolia	65
23417979	Hellenism	The cultures, ideals, and pattern of life of Classical Greece	66
23417980	patricians	Land owning noblemen in Rome; aristocrats	67
23417981	plebians	Freemen in Rome	68
23417982	The Twelve Tables of Rome	The laws of Rome, codified. Famously includes the concept of "innocent until proven guilty"	69
23417983	Punic Wars	A series of wars between Rome and Carthage, a city-state in North Africa. Although it ended in Roman victory, it was a close fought war indeed, and Hannibal had the ability to sack Rome at one point.	70
23417984	Hannibal	A Carthaginian General, considered one of the greatest military geniuses of all time	71
23417985	First triumvirate	The first Roman triumvirate was Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar. Caesar took control after ousting the other two.	72
23417986	Caesar	The member of the first triumvirate who took control of Rome, declaring himself "emperor for life". Famously assassinated by a group of Roman Senators, especially Brutus and Cassius	73
23417987	Second triumvirate	After Caesar's death, another triumvirate composed of Octavius, Marc Antony, and Lepidus. About as successful as the first, Octavius seized control	74
23417988	Octavius	Member of the second triumvirate, who rose to power and renamed himself Marcus Aurelius, or Augustus Caesar	75
23417989	Constantine	A famous emperor of Rome, who issued the Edict of Milan	76
23417990	The Edict of Milan	This edict ended the persecution of Christianity in Rome. He built the city of Constantinople on the Greek city of Byzantium in his own honor	77
23417991	Diocletian	A Roman emperor during the decline of Rome, who divided the Empire into two regions run by co-emperors	78
23417992	Constantinople	A city built by Constantine, now called Istanbul	79
23417993	Visigoths	A group of Germanic people who began to press the Roman Empire due to the strain of the Huns. Sacked Rome in 410 CE	80
23417994	Silk Road	One of the major trading routes via land from Rome to China.	81
23417995	Confucianism	A major religion developed for the Chinese by Confucius, it stresses Ren, kindness and humanity; Li, propriety and respect; and Xiao, filial piety(respect for family obligation)	82
23417996	Daoism(Taoism)	Practiced by some Chinese, it considered itself the way of nature, and that ambition brought only chaos to the world. It advocated passivity and simple lifestyles. It also produced several astronomers, chemists, and botanists due to its emphasis on harmony with nature.	83
23417997	Legalism	Another Chinese religion, specifically during the shortlived Qin dynasty. Legalism believed that human nature was inherently evil and that tough laws and harsh punishment, strong central government, and unquestioned authority. The Qin's adoption of this led the the resentment that would topple their empire in a decade.	84
23417998	Hinduism	A religion widely practiced in the Indian subcontinent; originated with the Aryan beliefs. Famous for the caste system on the social end.	85
23417999	Buddhism	Founded by a young Hindu prince called (Sid)dhartha Gautama, who rejected his wealth and became Buddha, the enlightened one. Buddhists follow the Four Noble Truths: All life is suffering, suffering is caused by desire, Freedom from desire is possible, and that through the Eightfold Path. After Buddha's death, it split into Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism. Rejected the caste system and other social differences	86
23418000	Judaism	One of the first monotheistic religions, it believes that god chose a select group of people to reveal himself to. Uses the Torah(Jewish Holy Book) and the Laws of Moses as a guideline.	87
23418001	Christianity	A splinter religion from Judaism, Christianity came when Jesus, a charismatic Jewish teacher, claimed to be the Son of God. While many believed him, the Roman and Jewish leaders were less interested, and crucified him. His followers believe he rose from the dead, and Christianity exists today. Rome finally recognized the religion and stopped persecuting Christians with the Edict of Milan	88
23698607	Islam	A new monotheistic religion which is famous for the Five Pillars of Islam, followers are known as Muslims	89
23701519	Qu'ran	The holy book for Muslims	90
23701520	jihad	"To struggle", both the struggle to be a better Muslim and the struggle against nonbeliever	91
23701521	Medina	One of the most important Islamic cities, where Mohammad fled after being persecuted.	92
24101717	hjira	The date of Mohammad's flight to Medina.	93
24109401	Tenochtitlan	What is now Mexico City, an Aztec city.	94
24109402	Temple of the Sun	An ancient ruin in Cuzco, built by the Inca	95
24109403	Machu Piccu	A ancient ruin in Peru, built by the Inca	96
24109404	Bubonic Plague	The plague was started in Asia in the 14th century, and was carried by trade routes to Europe, where it devastated the population	97
24109405	First Crusade	A military campaign initiated by Pope Urban in response to the success of the Seljuk Turks, hoping to capture Jerusalem.	98
24109406	Medici Family	A ruling family in Florence that sponsored a great deal of art from famous painters and sculptists	99
24367239	Michelangelo/Brunelleschi	A famous Renaissance artist	100
24367240	Leonardo da Vinci	A famous Renaissance sculptor and painter. A realist, he often studied dead bodies and anatomy.	101
24367241	Johannes Gutenberg	The inventor of the printing press, which allowed for the mass-printing of books.	102
24367242	Martin Luther	A german monk who famously began the Protestant split in the church by nailing a list of 95 grievances to a church door. He advocated a more personal relationship with God, without the church as a middleman.	103
24367243	Catholic Reformation	A reform in the church to regain membership	104
24367244	Divine Right	A similar concept to the Mandate of Heaven, European rulers used this, claiming they were ordained by God to lead, and that not following them was ungodly. Notably different from the Mandate of Heaven in that it had no clause for poor rulers.	105