Harris Midterm Terms Flashcards

46704941	Kuriltai	Meeting of all Mongol chieftains at which the supreme ruler of all tribes was selected	0
46704942	Khagan	Title of the supreme ruler of the Mongol tribes	1
46704943	Tumens	Basic fighting units of the Mongol forces; consisted of 10,000 cavalrymen; each unit was further divided into units of 1000, 100, and 10	2
46704944	Karakorum	Capital of the Mongol Empire under Chinggis Khan	3
46704945	Batu	Ruler of the Golden Horde; one of Chinggis Khan's grandsons; responsible got invasion of Russia beginning in 1236	4
46704946	Ogedai	Third son of Chinggis Khan; succeeded Chinggis Khan as khagan of the Mongols following his father's death	5
46704947	Khanate of the Golden Horde	Located in West Russia at the time; one of the regions Chinggis Khan split among his 3 sons and his grandson Batu; are descendents of Jochi, a son of Chinggis. Jochi then died leaving the conquest of Russia to his son Batu, who the led the Mongol armies to victory in Eastern Europe	6
46704948	Berke Khan	Ruler of the Golden Horde; converted to Islam; his threat to Hulegu combined with the growing power of Mameluks in Egypt forestalled further Mongol conquests in the Middle East	7
46704949	Kubilai Khan	Grandson of Chinggis Khan; commander of the Mongol forces responsible for the conquest of China; became khagan in 1260; established Sinicized Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1271	8
46704950	Chabi	Influential wife of Kubilai Khan; promoted interests of Buddhism in China; indicative of refusal of Mongol women to adopt restrictive social conventions of Chinese	9
46704951	White Lotus Society	Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow the Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule	10
46704952	Ju Yuanzhang	Chinese peasant who led successful revolt against Yuan; founded Ming dynasty	11
46704953	Ming dynasty	Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China	12
46704954	Timur-I Lang	Leader of Turkic nomads; beginning in 1360s from base at Samarkand, launched series of attacks in Persia, the Fertile Crescent, India, and southern Russia; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405	13
46704955	Ottoman Turks	Turkic people who advanced from strongholds in Asia Minor during 1350s; conquered large part of Balkans; unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established empire from Balkans that included most of the Arab world	14
46704956	Sufi	Mystics within Islam (?)	15
46704957	Zenghe	A court eunuch that led series of overseas trade expeditions between 1405 and 1433; only Chinese attempt to create worldwide trade empire	16
46704958	Black Death	Plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure	17
46704959	Italian Renaissance	A cultural and political movement grounded in urban vitality and expanding commerce; began in Italy during the fourteenth century; the earlier phases involved literary and artistic themes more friendly to the secular world than the previous religiously oriented outlook had been; artists and writers became more concerned with personal reputation and glory; in commerce, merchants sought new markets; city-state governments, eager for increased revenue, supported their expansion	18
46704960	Francesco Petrarch	One leading 14th century writer; took pride in his city and his age and explored the glories of personal achievement with new confidence	19
46704961	Giotto	A florentine painter; painted a fly on the nose on one of Cimabue's protrait subjects, and it was so realistic that Cimabue repeatedly tried to swat it away	20
46704962	Vivaldi	Two Genoese brothers who attempted to find a Western route to the "Indies"; disappeared in 1291; precursors of thrust into southern Atlantic	21
46704963	Prince Henry the Navigator	Portuguese prince responsible for directions of series of expeditions along the African coast in the 15th century; marked beginning of Western European expansion	22
46704964	Cape of Good Hope	Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India	23
46704965	Vasco de Gama	His fleet of four ships reached India in 1498, with aid of a Hindu pilot picked up in east Africa	24
46704966	Ferdinand Magellan	Set sail westward in 1519, passing the southern tip of South America and sailing across the Pacific, reaching the Indonesian islands in 1521; it was on this voyage, the first trip around the world, that Spain claimed the Philippines, which it held until 1898	25
46704967	Columbian Exchange	Biological and ecological exchange that took place following Spanish establishment of colonies in New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to New World; animals, plants, and diseases of two hemispheres were transferred	26
46704968	Mercantilism	Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe	27
46704969	Fransisco Pizarro	A violent adventurer; came to Americas in 1502 and settled on the island of Hispaniola; later joined Balboa's colony in Panama; in 1528, returned to Spain to gain king's support and with it attacked and divided the Inca empire with 180 other men; killed emperor Atahuallpa; in 1541, was assassinated by a group of Inca rebels	28
46704970	Cape Colony	Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus	29
46704971	Seven Year's War	Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America	30
46704972	European-style Family	Originated in the 15th century among the peasant and artisans of Western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis in the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married	31
46704973	Proletariat	Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th century	32
46704974	Absolutism	Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, and imposed state economic policies	33
46704975	Enlightement	Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior	34