Harris Vocab Unit 3 Flashcards

53248891	Hispaniola	First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World; p 425	0
53248892	Encomiendas	Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies; p 423	1
53248893	Hernan Cortez	Led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan; p 428	2
53248894	Boyars	Russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counterparts in western Europe; p 208	3
53248895	Catherine the Great	German-born Russian tsarina in the 18 century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted western culture influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry; p 411	4
53248896	Peter I (the Great)	Son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western Europe models; p 409	5
53248897	New Spain	Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica; included most of central America; based on imperial system of Aztecs; p 428	6
53248898	Francisco Coronado	Leader of Spanish expeditions into northern frontier region of New Spain; entered what is now United States in search of mythical cities of gold; p 428	7
53248899	Pedro de Valdivia	Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established city of Santiago in 1541; p 429	8
53248900	Potosi	Mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia); largest of new World silver mines; produced 80% of all Peruvian silver; p 434	9
53248901	Haciendas	Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy; p 432	10
53248902	Consulado	Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return; p 435	11
53248903	Treaty of Tordesillas	Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession in New World; reserved Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain; p 436	12
53248904	Letrados	University-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions; p 436	13
53248905	Recopilacion	Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in New World; basis of law in the Indies; p 436	14
53248906	Council of the Indies	Body within the Castillan government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World; p 436	15
53248907	Viceroyalties	Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other in Mexico City; direct representatives of the king of Spain; p 436	16
53248908	Capitaincies	Strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony; p 437	17
53248909	Rio de Janeiro	Brazilian port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763; p 439	18
53248910	Sociedad de castas	American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or white at top, black slaves or Indians at bottom, mixed races in middle; p 441	19
53248911	Peninsulares	People living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain; p 441	20
53248912	Creoles	Whites born in the New World; dominated local Latin America economies; ranked just beneath peninsulares; p 441	21
53248913	Amigos del pais	Clubs and associations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18 century; called for material improvements rather than political reform	22
53248914	War of Spanish Succession	Resulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French; p 443	23
53248915	Charles III	Spanish enlightened monarch; ruled from 1759 to 1788; instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire; p 443	24
53248916	Jose de Galvez	Spanish minister of the Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate Creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants for local government; p 444	25
53249556	Tupac Amaru	Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution; p 446	26
53249557	El Mina	Most important of early Portuguese trading factories in forest zone of Africa; p 478	27
53249558	Nzinga Mvemba	King of Kongo south of Zaire River from 1507 to 1543; converted to Christianity and took title of Alfonso I; under Portuguese influence attempted to Christianize all of kingdom; p 479	28
53249559	Royal African Company	Chartered in 1660s to establish a monopoly over the slave trade among British merchants; supplied African slaves to colonies in Barbados, Jamaica, and Virginia; p 482	29
53249560	Triangular Trade	Commerce linking Africa, the New World colonies, and Europe; slaves carried to America for sugar and tobacco transported to Europe; p 484	30
53249561	Indies Piece	Term utilized within the complex exchange system established by the Spanish for African trade; referred to the value of an adult male slave; p 483	31
53250016	Asante	Established in Gold Coast among Akan people settled among Kumasi; dominated by Oyoko clan; many clans linked under Osei Tutu after 1650; p 482	32
53250017	Osei Tutu	Member of Oyoko clan of Akan peoples in Gold Coast region of Africa; responsible for creating unified Asante Empire; utilized Western firearms; p 487	33
53250018	Dahomey	Kingdom developed among Fon or Aja peoples in 17 century; center at Abomey 70 miles from coast; under King Agaja expanded to control coastline and port of Whydah by 1727; accepted Western firearms and goods in return for African slaves; p 482	34
53250781	Asantehene	Title taken by ruler of Asante Empire; supreme civil and religious leader; authority symbolized by golden stool; p 487	35
53250782	Luo Fulani	Established a dynasty among existing Bantu population;	36
53250783	Usunman Dan Fodio	A studious and charismatic Muslim Fulani scholar; began to preach the reformist ideology in the Hausa kingdoms; his movement became a revolution when in 1804, seeing himself as God's instrument, he preached a jihad against the Hausa kings, who, he felt, were not following the teachings of Muhammad;great upheaval followed in which the Fulani took control of most of the Hausa states of northern Nigeria in the western Sudan	37
53250784	Khoikhoi	Non-Bantu hunting people who occupied the southern end of Africa; lived bu hunting and sheep herding;	38
53333588	Boer	Dutch settlers in Cape Colony; p 400	39
53333589	Great Trek	Movement of Boers settlers in Cape Colony of southern Africa to escape influence of British colonial government in 1834; led to settlement of regions north of Orange River and Natal; p 491	40
53333590	Mfecane	Wars of 19 century in southern Africa; created by Zulu expansion under Shaka; revolutionized political organization of southern Africa; p 492	41
53333591	Middle Passage	Slave voyage from Africa to the Americas (16-18 centuries); generally a traumatic experience for black slaves, although it failed to strip Africans of their culture; p 494	42
53333592	Salt water Slaves	Slaves transported from Africa; almost invariably black; p 495	43
53333593	Creole Slaves	American-born descendants of "salt water" slaves; result of sexual exploitation of slave women or process of miscegenation; p 495	44
53333594	Obeah	African religious ideas and practices in the English and French Caribbean islands; p 499	45
53333595	Palmares	Kingdom of runaway slaves with a population of 8,000 to 10,000 people; located in Brazil during the 17 century; leadership was Angolan; p 499	46
53333596	William Wilberforce	British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament; led abolition of English slave trade in 1807; p 500	47
53333597	Ottoman Turks	Turkic people who advanced from strongholds in Asia Minor during 1250s; conquered large part of Balkans; unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established empire from Balkans that included most of the Arab world; p 449	48
53333598	Mehmed II	Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire; p 453	49
53335157	Janissaries	Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies; forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of Balkans, legally slaves; translated military service into political influence, particularly after 15 century; p 454	50
53335158	Viziers	Ottoman equivalent of the Abbasid wazir; head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after 15 century often more powerful than sultan; p 454	51
53335159	Chaldiran	Site of battle between Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Safavids severely defeated by Ottomans; checked western advance of Safavid Empire; p 460	52
53335160	Abbas the Great	Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid to greatest extent; created slave regiment based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology; p 463	53
53335161	Mullahs	Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism; p 464	54
53335162	Imams	According to Shi'ism, rulers who could trace descent from Ali; p 464	55
53335163	Isfahan	Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city laid out according to shah's plan; example of Safavid architecture; p 464	56
53335164	Babur	Founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1530; p 467	57
53335165	Humayan	Son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540, but restored Mughal rule by 1556; died shortly after from falling down a flight of stairs; p 468	58
53335166	Akbar	Son and successor of Humayan; oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu princes; attempted to created new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India; p 468	59
53339629	Din-i-llahi	Religion initiated by Akbar in Mughal India; blended elements of the many faiths of the subcontinent; key to efforts to reconcile Hindus and Muslims in India, but failed; p 469	60
53339630	Nur Jahan	Wife of Jahangir; amassed power in court and created faction of male relatives who dominated Mughal empire during later years of Jahangir's reign; p 472	61
53339631	Taj Mahal	Most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India; originally built as a mausoleum for the wife of Shah Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal; p 472	62
53339632	Aurangzeb	Son and successor of Shah Jahan in Mughal India; determined to extend Mughal control over whole of subcontinent; wished to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare exhausted empire despite military success; died in 1707; p 471	63
53339633	Sikhs	One of the sects that rose in the northwest; further strained the declining resources of an imperial system that was clearly overextended; early leaders originally tried to bridge the differences between Hindu and Muslim; Mughal persecution of this sect, which was seen as religiously heretical and a political threat to the dynasty, eventually transformed this sect into a staunchly anti-Muslim force within the subcontinent; p 474	64
53339634	Goa	Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on western Indian coast, 16 century; sites for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network; p 507	65
53339635	Dutch Trading Empire	Based on control of fortified and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of limited number of products - particularly spices; p 509	66
53339636	Francis Xavier	Spanish Jesuit missionary; worked in India in 1540s among the outcaste and lower caste groups; made little headway among elites; p 512	67
53339637	Hongwu	First Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; original name Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored position of scholar-gentry; p 514	68
53339638	Macao	One of two ports in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty; starts with M; p 519	69
53339639	Canton	One of two ports in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty; starts with c; p 519	70
53339640	Toyotomi Hideyoshi	General under Nobunaga; succeeded as leading military power in central Japan; continued efforts to break power of daimyos; constructed a series of alliances that made him military master of Japan in 1590; died in 1598; p 525	71
53339641	Tokugawa Ieyasu	Vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1613 and established family shogunate; established political unity in Japan; p 525	72
53339642	Edo	Tokugawa capital city; modern day Tokyo; center of the Tokugawa shogunate; p 525	73
53339643	School of National Learning	New ideology that laid emphasis on Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Chinese imports such as Confucianism; typical of Japan in 18 century; p 527	74