Chapter 4: Greece and Rome Flashcards

31086154	Cyrus the Great	established massive Persian empire across the norhtern Mediterranean and into northwestern India by 500 BCE; successor state to Mesopotamian empires	0
31086155	Zoroastrianism	new religion developed by Persians; animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; chief religion of Persian Empire	1
31086156	Olympic games	one of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations	2
31086157	Pericles	most famous Greek political figure; dominated Athenian politics; guided development of Athenian Empire; died during early ages of Peloponnesian War	3
31086158	Peloponnesian Wars	wars in which Athens and Sparta fought for control of Greece (431-404 BCE); resulted in Sparta victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece	4
31087185	Philip II of Macedon	ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 BCE; founder of centralized kingdom; later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority	5
31087186	Hellenistic period	culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquerers; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms	6
31087187	Alexandria, Egypt	one of many cities of that name founded by Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; center of literary studies	7
31087188	Roman republic	the balanced constitution of Rome from 510 to 47 BCE; featured an arictocratic senate, a panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies	8
31125774	Punic Wars	fought between Rome and Carthage to estbalish dominance in the western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts	9
31125775	Carthage	originally a Phoenician colony in northern Africa; became a major port and commercial power in the western Mediterannean; fought the Punic Wars with Rome for dominance of the western Mediterranean	10
31125776	Hannibal	great Carthaginian general during Second Punic War; successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; finally defeated at Battle of Zama	11
31125777	Julius Caesar	Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in 44 BCE by conservative senators	12
31125778	Augustus Caesar	name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome	13
31125779	Constantine	Roman emperor from 312 to 337 BCE; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually	14
31125780	direct democracy	literally rule of the people; as interpreted in Athens, all decisions emanated from popular assembly without intermediation of elected representatives	15
31125781	polis	city-state form of government; typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 BCE	16
31125782	Senate	assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the Roman constitution	17
31125783	consuls	two chief executives or magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy	18
31125784	Cicero	conservative Roman senator; Stoic philosopher; one of great orators of his day; killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar	19
31125785	Aristotle	Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world	20
31125786	Stoics	Hellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independencecultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery	21
31125787	Socrates	Athenian philosopher of later 5th century BCE; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young	22
31125788	Plato	Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled	23
31125789	Sophocles	Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex	24
31125790	Iliad	Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek myths	25
31125791	Odyssey	Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek myths	26
31125792	Doric	along with Ionian and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the least ornate of the three styles	27
31129021	city-state	form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king	28
31129022	twelve tables	first code of laws introduced by early Roman republic; introduced by 450 BCE	29