AP World History Rise of Islam Vocab Flashcards

11608120	Islam	Majpr world religion having its origins in 610 C.E. in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literally submission; based on prophecy of Muhammad.	0
11608121	Muslim	follower of Islam	1
11608122	Quran	Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam	2
11608123	Hadith	Traditions of the prophet Muhammad	3
11608124	Bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam.	4
11608125	Umma	Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity	5
11608126	Caliph	The political and religious successor to Muhammad	6
11608127	Sunnis	Political and theological division within Islam.	7
11608128	Shi'is	Also known as the Shi'a and Shi'ites; political and theological followers within Islam; Followers of Ali	8
11608129	Mawali	non- Arab converts to Islam	9
11608130	Dhimmi	Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus	10
11608131	Harem	the part of a Muslim palace or house reserved for the residence of women.	11
11608132	Ayan	the wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule	12
11608133	Mecca	a city in West Saudi Arabia: birthplace of Muhammad; spiritual center of Islam	13
11608134	Medina	Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hijra)	14
11608135	Umayyad	Clan of bedouins who controlled Mecca in 7th century C.E. that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam.	15
11608136	Ka'ba	Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam.	16
11608137	Zakat	Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims.	17
11608138	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj	18
11608139	Ali	Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a	19
11608140	Abu Bakr	One of Muhammad's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first caliph of Muslim community	20
11608141	Ridda	wars that followed muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam	21
11608142	Jihad	Struggle often used for wars in defense of the faith	22
11608143	Hijra	the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina to escape persecution a.d. 622: regarded as the beginning of the Muslim Era.	23
11608144	Uthman	Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan	24
11608145	Siffin	fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party	25
11608146	Mu'awiya	Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civi war with Ali.	26
11608147	Karbala	Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate	27
11608148	Jizya	head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories	28
11608149	Abbasids	a member of a dynasty of caliphs ruling at Baghdad, a.d. 750-1258, governing most of the Islamic world and claiming descent from Abbas, uncle of Muhammad.	29
11608150	Wazir	helper ("right-hand man") for a high-ranking political (and sometimes religious) advisor or minister, often to a Muslim monarch such as a Caliph or Sultan.	30