AP World Unit 6 Key Terms Flashcards

107671355	Vasco de Gama	Portuguese mariner; first European to reach India by sailing around the tip of Africa in 1498.	0
107671356	Christopher Columbus	Italian navigator in the service of Aragon and Castile; sailed west to find a route to India and instead discovered the Americas in 1492.	1
107671357	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese captain in Spanish service; began the first circumnavigation of the globe in 1519; died during voyage; allowed Spain to claim possession of the Philippines.	2
107671358	East India Companies	British, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions.	3
107671359	World economy	Created by Europeans during the late 16th century; based on control of the seas; established an international exchange of foods, diseases, and manufactured products.	4
107671360	Columbian Exchange	Interaction between Europe and the Americas; millions of Native Americans died of new diseases (smallpox) ; new world crops (potatoes, corn) spread to other world regions; European and Asian animals (horses, cattle) came to the Americas.	5
107671361	Lepanto	Naval battle between Spain and the Ottoman Empire resulting in Spanish victory in 1571; demonstrated European naval superiority over Muslims	6
107671362	Core nations	Nations, usually European, that profited from the world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services; exported manufactured goods and imported raw materials.	7
107671363	Dependent economic zones	Regions within the world economy that produced raw materials; dependent on European markets and shipping; tendency to build systems based on forced and cheap labor (ex. Brazil)	8
107671364	Vasco de Balboa	Began first Spanish settlement on Mesoamerican mainland in 1509. (modern Panama)	9
107671365	New France	French colonies in Canada and elsewhere; extended along the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes and down into the Mississippi River valley system. (including Quebec)	10
107671366	Atlantic colonies	British colonies in North America along Atlantic coast from New England to Georgia.	11
107671367	Treaty of Paris	Concluded in 1763 after the Seven Years War; Britain gained New France and ended France's importance in India.	12
107671368	Cape Colony	Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 to provide a coastal station for Dutch ships traveling to and from the East Indies; settlers expanded and fought with Bantu and other Africans.	13
107671369	Boers	Dutch and other European settlers in Cape Colony before 19th-century British occupation; later called Afrikaners.	14
107671370	Calcutta	British East India Company headquarters in Bengal; captured in 1756 by Indians; later became administrative center for populous Bengal.	15
107671371	Seven Years War	Fought in Europe, Africa, and Asia between 1756 and 1763; the first worldwide war. (UK wins)	16
107671372	Cape of Good Hope	Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India.	17
107671373	Mercantilism	Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe; possession of colonies important way to control trade	18
107671374	Mestizos	People of mixed European and Indian ancestry in Mesoamerica and South America; particularly prevalent in areas colonized by Spain; often part of forced labor system.	19
107671375	Francisco Pizarro	Led conquest of Inca Empire beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to Spanish.	20
107671376	John Locke	(1632 - 1704) English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason and that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants. (life, liberty, and property were key rights of people)	21
107671377	William Shakespeare	(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.	22
109665427	Italian Renaissance	14th- and 15th-century intellectual and cultural movement in Europe that challenged medieval values and instigated the modern age.	23
109665428	Lowcountry	Areas such as modern-day The Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, areas low in elevations	24
109665429	Niccolo Machiavelli	Author of The Prince, a realistic discussion of seizing and maintaining power.	25
109665430	Humanism	A focus on humanity as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor / the philosophy of the Renaissance	26
109665431	Northern Renaissance	Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; influenced by earlier Italian Renaissance; centered in France, the Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than in Italy	27
109665432	Francis I	King of France; a Renaissance monarch; patron of the arts; imposed new controls on the Catholic church; ally of the Ottoman sultan against the Holy Roman emperor.	28
109665433	Johannes Gutenberg	Introduced movable type to western Europe in the 15th century; greatly expanded the availability of printed materials.	29
109665434	European-style family	Emerged in 15th century; involved later marriage age and a primary emphasis on the nuclear family.	30
109665435	Nuclear Family	Family unit consisting of Mother, Father and children	31
109665436	Martin Luther	German Catholic monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation; emphasized the primacy of faith in place of Catholic sacraments for gaining salvation; rejected papal authority.	32
109665437	Protestantism	General wave of religious dissent against the Catholic church; formally began with Martin Luther in 1517.	33
109665438	Anglican Church	Form of Protestantism in England established by Henry VIII.	34
109665439	Jean Calvin	French Protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group in Geneva	35
109665440	Catholic Reformation	Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and revived Catholic doctrine.	36
109665441	Jesuits	Catholic religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work outside of Europe.	37
109665442	Edict of Nantes	1598 grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants	38
109665443	Thirty Years War	War from 1618 to 1648 between German Protestants and their allies against the Holy Roman emperor and Spain; caused great destruction.	39
109665444	English Civil War	Conflict from 1640 to 1660; included religious and constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of a limited monarchy.	40
109665445	Proletariat	Class of people without access to producing property; usually manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agriculture, or urban poor	41
109665446	Witchcraft hysteria	17th-century European violence reflecting uncertainties about religion and about resentment against the poor; especially affected women.	42
109665447	Scientific Revolution	Process culminating in Europe during the 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; became a central focus of Western culture.	43
109665448	Copernicus	Polish monk and astronomer; discredited Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe.	44
109665449	Galileo	Publicized Copernicus's findings; used the telescope to study moon and planets; added discoveries concerning the laws of gravity; condemned by the Catholic church for his work.	45
109665450	John Harvey	English physician who demonstrated the circular movement of blood in animals and the function of the heart as a pump.	46
109665451	René Descartes	Philosopher who established the importance of the skeptical review of all received wisdom; argued that human wisdom could develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature.	47
109665452	Isaac Newton	English scientist; author of Principia Mathematica; drew various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion and defined forces of gravity.	48
109665453	Deism	A concept of God during the Scientific Revolution; the role of divinity was limited to setting natural laws in motion.	49
109665454	John Locke	English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through their senses and reason; argued that the power of government came from the people, not from the divine right of kings; people had the right to overthrow tyrants.	50
109665455	Absolute monarchy	Concept of government developed during the rise of the nation-state in western Europe during the 17th century	51
109665456	Louis XIV	Late 17th- and early 18th-century French king who personified absolute monarchy.	52
109665457	Mercantilism	17th- and 18th-century economic theory that stressed government promotion of internal and international policies to strengthen the economic power / Colonies played a major role in promoting the "mother country"	53
109665458	Glorious Revolution	English political settlement of 1688 and 1689 that affirmed that parliament had basic sovereignty over the king.	54
109665459	Enlightenment	Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; argued for scientific advance, the application of scientific methods to study human society; believed that rational laws could describe social behavior.	55
109665460	Adam Smith	Established new school of economic thought; argued that governments should avoid regulation of economies in favor of the free play of market forces.	56
109665461	Mary Wollstonecraft	Enlightenment English feminist thinker; argued that political rights should be extended to women.	57
109665462	Indulgences	Roman Catholic theological tenant for the remission of sins.	58
109665463	Predestination	The belief that God has ordained all events to come including those who were to be saved	59
109665464	Parliamentary monarchy	Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments.	60
109665465	Frederick the Great	Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy.	61
109665466	Ivan III (the Great)	Prince of the duchy of Moscow; responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols; took the title of tsar.	62
109665467	Third Rome	Russia, with Moscow as its capital, claimed to be the successor of the Roman and Byzantine empires.	63
109665468	Ivan IV (the Terrible)	Confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture.	64
109665469	Boyars	The Russian nobles.	65
109665470	Cossacks	Peasant adventurers with agricultural and military skills recruited to conquer and settle in newly seized lands in southern Russia and Siberia.	66
109665471	Time of Troubles	Early 17th-century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion after the death of Ivan IV without an heir; ended with the selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613.	67
109665472	Romanov dynasty	Ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917.	68
109665473	Old Believers	Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many were exiled to southern Russia or Siberia.	69
109665474	Peter I (the Great)	Tsar from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models.	70
109665475	St. Petersburg	Baltic city that was made the new capital of Russia by Peter I.	71
109665476	Catherine the Great	German-born Russian tsarina; combined selective Enlightenment ideas with strong centralizing policies; converted the nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them new power over the peasantry.	72
109665477	Partition of Poland	Three separate divisions of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland.	73
109665478	Pugachev rebellion	Unsuccessful peasant rising led by Cossack Pugachev during the 1770s; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and after	74
109665479	Westernization	Process in which traditional cultures come under the influence of Western culture.	75
109665480	Serfdom	Institution in which a peasant is attached to a feudal estate.	76