Chapter 6 Key Terms and People Flashcards

230082108	Bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam.	0
230082109	Shaykhs	Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children	1
230082110	Mecca	the holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace	2
230082111	Medina	City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231)	3
230082112	Umayyad	Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam	4
230082113	Ka'ba	Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam	5
230082114	Qur'an	the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina	6
230082115	Umma	The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. (p. 231)	7
230082116	Zakat	Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims	8
230082117	Caliph	The civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth	9
230082118	Ali	Prophet Muhammad's son-in-law; a leading figure in the Shi'a branch of Islam	10
230082119	Abu Bakr	first caliph after death of muhammad	11
230082120	Ridda Wars	wars that followd Muhammad's death in 632;resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam	12
230082121	Jihad	a holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal	13
230082122	Uthman	Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan	14
230082123	Battle of Siffin	Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party	15
230082124	Mu'awiya	Leader of the Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali	16
230082125	Sunni	the Muslim group that didn't resist the rule of the Umayyads.	17
230082126	Shi'a	The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Islam	18
230082127	Karbala	Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate	19
230082128	Mawali	Non-Arab converts to Islam	20
230082129	Jizya	head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories	21
230082130	Dhimmis	"The people of the book," Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus.	22
230082131	Abbasids	the dynasty that came after the Ummayads. The ummayad lost power in AD 759 because they upset mant muslims especially in Persia. Persian Muslims thought that Arab Muslims got better treatment	23
230082132	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of Empire	24
230082133	Ayan	a wealthy and deeply entrenched landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule	25
230082134	Quraysh Bedouin tribe	The Umayyad clan of this tribe founded the city of Mecca	26
230082135	Allah	Muslim name for the one and only God	27
230082136	Khadijah	First wife of the prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader.	28
230082137	Hijra	the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina to escape persecution a.d. 622: regarded as the beginning of the Muslim Era.	29
230082138	Ramadam	this was the month that the Koran was revealed to Muhammad. Fasting from dawn to dusk.	30
230082139	Hajj	pilgrimage to Mecca; one of the Five Pillars of Islam	31
230082140	Damascus	Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate	32
230082141	Hadiths	Traditions of the prophet Muhammad	33
230082142	Battle of River Zab	Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital	34
230082143	Baghdad	Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon	35
230082144	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design	36
230082145	Mosque	Muslim house of worship	37