AP World History Chapter 7 terms Flashcards

12063710	Sultan	the sovereign of an Islamic community	0
12063711	Seljuk Turks	Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century	1
12063712	Crusades	Series of military adventures initially launched by Western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and capturing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy	2
12063713	Ulama	Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking	3
12063714	Sufis	Mystics within Islam; responsible for expansion of Islam to southeastern Asia and other regions	4
12063715	Mongols	Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian Kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph	5
12063716	Mameluks	Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance	6
12063717	Rajas	one of the the three gunas (qualities of nature) in Hindu philosophy	7
12063718	Sati	Ritual in india of immolating surviving widows with the bodies of their deceased husbands	8
12063719	Bhakti	a popular religious movement centered around the personal worship of gods	9
12063720	al-Mahdi	Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession	10
12063721	Harun al-Rashid	Most famous of Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependent on Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession	11
12063722	Buyids	Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid empire under title of Sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads	12
12063723	Saladin	Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam	13
12063724	Ibn Khaldun	A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors has a cycle of three generations; strong, weak, dissolute	14
12063725	Rubiyat	composed of four lines; Persian poetry; famous	15
12063726	Shah-Nama	Written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests	16
12063727	Sa'di	one of the major Persian poets in the medieval period; known for depth of social thought as well as quality of writing	17
12063728	al-Razi	alchemist, physician, chemist, scholar, and philosopher. known for experimental medicine, pediatrics, neurosurgery and opthalmology	18
12063729	al-Biruni	first Muslim scholar to study india and Brahman tradition; anthropologist and scientific method	19
12063730	al-Ghazali	pioneer of methods of doubt and skepticism; changed course of early Muslim philosophy to one based on cause and effect by God and intermediate angels, known today as occasionalism	20
12063731	Muhammad ibn Qasim	Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of Umayyad Empire	21
12063732	arabic numerals	characters 0-9 read as a number	22
12063733	Harsha	Indian emperor who ruled over Northern India for 40 years; established first diplomatic relations between China and India; BUDDHIST	23
12063734	Mahmud of Ghazni	Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of the wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation of intolerance and aggressionN	24
12063735	Mahmud of Ghur	Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control	25
12063736	Qutb-ud-din Aibak	Lieutenant of Mahmud of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sultan of india	26
12063737	Mir Bai	Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women	27
12063738	Kabir	Muslim mystic during 15th century; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam	28
12063739	Shrivijaya	Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion	29