Unit I - Chap. 9-12 Flashcards

161946732	Sinicization	to make Chinese in character (nomads); to bring under Chinese influence, namely in the fields of tradition and religion.	0
161946733	Epidemic	the rapid spread of a disease among many people	1
161946734	Jati	(Hinduism) a Hindu caste or distinctive social group of which there are thousands throughout India	2
161946735	Mare Nostrum	"our sea" referring to Roman control of the Mediterranean	3
161946736	Jesus of Nazareth	charismatic Jewish teacher/savior who was later crucified in Jerusalem	4
161946737	Consul	elected by wealthy assembly and served a one-yr term with civil and military power in the Roman Republic	5
161946738	Old Testament	Jewish Hebrew scriptures	6
161946739	Bread & Circuses	an urban policy to keep the masses content with grain and public entertainment	7
161946740	Hellenism	the spread of Greek culture/influence	8
161946741	Buddhism	belief system based on the Four Noble Truths and meditation which was concerned with suffering	9
161946742	Tribune	official that represented plebeian interests in the Roman Republic	10
161946743	paterfamilias	"father of the family" ; had the authority to arrange marriage, punish, and sell family into slavery	11
161946744	Cleopatra	last of the Ptolemaic rulers of Egypt	12
161946745	Senate	aristocratic members that had much political experience and ratified major decisions	13
161946746	Palestine	"kingdom of god" but considered threat to Roman rule	14
161946747	Plebeian	the common people of Rome	15
161946748	Pax Romana	a period of peace that lasted for almost two and a half centuries that facilitated communication from Mesopotamia to the Atlantic	16
161946749	Julius Caesar	"dictator for life" and conquered Gaul (France)...later assassinated	17
161946750	Peloponnesian Wars (Greek)	tensions within the Delian League led to this war between the major leaders: Sparta v. Athens; led to weakening of the poleis	18
161946751	Pathogen	germ bacteria that travel long distances and get many people sick	19
161946752	Octavian/Augustus	Caesar's nephew/protege that led for 45 years of unopposed rule	20
161946753	Punic Wars	fought against Carthaginians who had many resources	21
161946754	Dictator	when faced with civil or military unrest, and official wields absolute power for 6 months	22
161946755	St. Augustine	bishop of North African city of Hippo who converted to Christianity	23
161946756	Attila	warrior-king who was the leader of the Huns (invaded and attacked the Roman Empire)	24
161946757	W. & E. Roman Empires	Diocletian divided the empire into two regions; one would last longer than the other	25
161946758	Monsoon System	Egyptians learned about wind patterns in different seasons from the Indians	26
161946759	Huns	Turkish people who migrated westward and might have been descendants of the Xiongnu	27
161946760	Diocletian	emperor of the Roman Emperor from 284-305 CE: divided into 2 halves and ruled using tetrarchs	28
161946761	Visigoths	Scandinavian migrants who adopted Roman law and religion and acted as "buffers" on the borders of the empire	29
161946762	Constantinople	strategic site overlooking the Bosporus and in 330 CE became the capital of Byzantine under the Emperor Constantine	30
161946763	Chang'an	the capital of the Han empire, end/beginning of the Silk Road	31
161946764	Silk Road	network of trade routes that connected China to Rome	32
161946765	Constantine	one of the claimants to the throne after Diocletian died; ruled Byzantine	33
161946766	Persian Wars	conflict when Greeks tried to rebel to rid themselves of Persian rule	34
161946767	Delian League	created to discourage further Persian actions in Greece, Athens led the alliance (led to tension)	35
161946768	Punjab	modern-day northern Pakistan...where Darius founded the kingdom of Gandhara	36
161958456	Indus River	river towards NW of India with source at Hindu Kush and Himalayas	37
161958457	Chandragupta Maurya	ambitious adventurer who laid the foundation for the Mauryan Empire...later became a monk	38
161958458	Ashoka Maurya	led during the high point of the Mauryan Empire; known for famous lion pillars but Empire declined after his death	39
161958459	Gupta Dynasty	Empire that emerged after Mauryan in 320 CE and was smaller based at Magadha	40
161958460	White Huns	nomadic people from Central Asia who moved into India and established kingdoms	41
161958461	Ganges River	situated in jungle-covered valley and had active trade area	42
161958462	Monsoons	winds that govern weather in the Indian Ocean Basin and can bring heavy rains	43
161958463	Jainism	a religion that does not recognize social distinctions and is characterized by extreme NONviolence	44
161958464	Ahimsa	nonviolence to other living things...later used by Gandhi	45
161958465	Eightfold Path	Buddhist doctrine that calls for an individual to lead a balanced and moderate life to eliminate desire	46
161958466	Four Noble Truths	1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirture. 4) The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path	47
161958467	Siddharta Gautama	Buddha	48
161958468	Dharma	duty	49
161958469	Patronage	support or sponsorship like Ashoka Maurya did with Buddhism	50
161958470	Ceylon	name for modern-day Sri Lanka (Buddhist missionaries were sent here)	51
161958471	Caste System	social classes: hereditary and unchangeable status in Hindu society	52
161958472	Maurya Dynasty	the 1st state to bring centralized, unified government to most of India	53
161958473	Kushan	nomadic conquerors who came into Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India and tried to imitate Mauryans	54
161958474	Hindu Kush Mountains	part of Himalayas, in Pakistan	55
161958475	Homer	ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)	56
161958476	Iliad & Odyssey	two epic poems written about the Trojan War and a hero	57
161958477	Minoans	established society around the island of Crete and constructed lavish palaces as well as adapted the written script Linear A	58
161958478	Mycenaeans	Indo-European peoples who adapted Linear A and created Linear B; had settlements in Anatolia, Sicily, and Northern Italy	59
161958479	Polis	a city-state that was the principal site of Greek society...stands for "citadel" or "fortified site"	60
161958480	Tyrant	the term for an ambitious politician who gains power by irregular means (only refers to route to power)	61
161958481	Sparta	fertile region of the Peloponnesus that contained a highly-disciplined military (other people were referred to as "helots")	62
161958482	Athens	a very wealthy polis that engaged in maritime trade	63
161958483	Pericles	most popular Athenian leader who called Athens the "education of Greece"	64
161958484	Alexander of Macedon/The Great	invaded Persia and from there, built a huge empire but died before governing it	65
161958485	Alexandria	Ptolemaic capital housing the famous library and museum (was founded by Alexander The Great at the mouth of the Nile)	66
161958486	Olympic Games	Festival and athletic contests held at Olympia every 4 years in honor of Zeus in which all Greek city-states sent representatives.	67
161958487	Socrates	Athenian philosopher who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior. He made enemies in government by revealing the ignorance of others.	68
161958488	Plato	a disciple of Socrates, developed the Theory of Forms/Ideas and wrote the dialogue "Republic"...advocated an intellectual aristocracy	69
161958489	Aristotle	disciple of Plato but rejected the Theory of Forms/Ideas and was called the "master of those who know"	70
161958490	Hellenistic Empires	empires like the Antigonid, Seleucid, and Ptolemaic that emerged after Alexander and symbolized the spread of the Greeks	71
161958491	Stoics	Hellenistic group of philosophers (very popular); emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery	72
161958492	Trojan War	led to the decline of the Mycenaeans after this foreign invasion	73
161958493	Celtics	Indo-European people from the British Isles to Spain to Asia	74
161958494	Marc Antony	Octavian's main rival who joined forces with Cleopatra	75
161958495	Carthage	City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century BC.	76
161958496	Patrician	aristocrats and the wealthy classes of modern-day Rome	77
161958497	Republic	a form of government in Rome in which delegates represented the interests of various sides	78
161958498	Colosseum	a magnificent marble stadium and sports arena	79
161958499	Essenes	sect of Jews of Judea who were uncompromising in their piety and their disgust with what they considered a corrupted priesthood; library is known as the Dead Sea Scrolls	80
161958500	Gaul	the region beyond Italy containing the Celtics	81
161958501	latifundium	enormous plantation owned by wealthy who used slave labor	82
161958502	Paul of Tarsus	a Roman citizen and missionary who accepted Christian teachings and was executed when he tried to preach	83
161958503	New Testament	body of writings that include accounts of Jesus's life and is considered the holy book of Christianity	84
161958504	Christ	meaning the "anointed one" to bring individuals into the kingdom of God	85
161958505	Po River	North Italian river that contained Etruscan settlements	86
161958506	Tiber River	had easy access to Mediterranean but was not on coast so prevented invasion/attacks from sea	87