Transformation of Europe Flashcards
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| 252697474 | Global connections | west contact w/ east; tech. innovations | 1 | |
| 252697475 | Sea-based trade equaled level of land-based trade | sea empires > land | 2 | |
| 252697476 | European kingdoms = world powers | power and prosperity; didn't eclipse SW Asia, Africa, and East Asia | 3 | |
| 252697477 | Power of Nomadic Groups Declined | trade and cultural diffusion; threaten borders of land-based empires; power declined as trade/travel by water > | 4 | |
| 252697478 | Labor Systems Transformed | results of colonies; slave labor; systems in S. America adapted from native traditions by Spanish and Portuguese | 5 | |
| 252697479 | Gunpowder Empires in M. East and Asia | old area, new strength; still suffered old issues land-based empires felt; end of era many less powerful than sea-based kingdoms of Europe | 6 | |
| 252697480 | Medicis | patrons of arts in Florence, Italy; centers of commerce, ed., and arts | 7 | |
| 252697481 | Machiavelli | The Prince; absolute power; end justifies means; better feared than loved | 8 | |
| 252697482 | Humanism | human potential and achievements; classic values and arts | 9 | |
| 252697483 | Petrarch | father of humanism; Latin and Italian sonnets | 10 | |
| 252697484 | New Art Techniques | realism (depict subjects realistically, not ideally); perspective (3-D, depth); vernacular (native language as opposed to Latin) | 11 | |
| 252697485 | Why Italy? | Urban growth (trade during Crusades; revitalized Rome); Merchant class values (stressed indiv. achievement); Classical heritage (decline of Constan. and renewed interest in classics) | 12 | |
| 252697486 | Johann Gutenberg | movable type and printing press; literacy and access to books > | 13 | |
| 252697487 | Erasmus | Christian humanist; The Praise of Folly; Christ. of heart, not ceremony | 14 | |
| 252697488 | Shakespeare | poet & playwright; poems, comedies, and tragedies | 15 | |
| 252697489 | Merging artistic styles | humanist ideas and Christianity | 16 | |
| 252697490 | Protestant Reformation | People began to question lives and authority of Catholic Church | 17 | |
| 252697491 | Martin Luther | German monk, questioned prac. like indulgences; 95 Theses (95 things church doing wrong; posted on church door in Germany); Grew because of printing press; ideas include faith alone saves; bible in vernacular; priests have no special powers; simple sacraments of baptism and comm..; religious ed for all; Luther excommunicated after not recanting at Diet of Worms | 18 | |
| 252697492 | John Calvin | Calvinism; faith alone and predestination; spreads all over Europe | 19 | |
| 252697493 | Henry VIII | wanted to divorce Catherine to marry Anne; pope refused so Henry declared himself Head of the Church of England in "Act of Supremacy" 1534 aka Anglican Church (king > pope in England) | 20 | |
| 252697494 | Catholic Reformation | Council of Trent determined def. of heresy; launched Inquisition and Jesuits; Spanish Inquisition ended church unity in West Europe | 21 | |
| 252697495 | Jesuits | religious order; spread Christianity; supported papacy | 22 | |
| 252697496 | Edict of Nantes | stopped persecution of Protestants | 23 | |
| 252697497 | Thirty Years' War | Catholic vs. Protestant; < power of Catholic Church | 24 | |
| 252697498 | Treaty of Westphalia | ended TYW; ensured German states freedom of religion | 25 | |
| 252697499 | Scientific Revolution | intellectual powers discover natural laws that govern universe | 26 | |
| 252697500 | Copernicus | heliocentric system | 27 | |
| 252697501 | Kepler | laws of planetary motion and elliptical orbits | 28 | |
| 252697502 | Galileli | experimental method; Law of Inertia; telescope | 29 | |
| 252697503 | Isaac Newton | Universal Law of Gravitation; Three laws of motion | 30 | |
| 252697504 | William Harvey | blood circulation; heart beginning of b.c.; same blood throughout | 31 | |
| 252697505 | The Enlightenment | natural laws govern human affairs | 32 | |
| 252697506 | Concerns | absolute monarchies; propose reforms to eliminate abuses and promote indiv. freedom | 33 | |
| 252697507 | Absolute Monarchy | all power within state was theirs; control everything; divine right | 34 | |
| 252697508 | Thomas Hobbes | Social Contract; humans wicked; without govt. war; escape life by having strong leader; abs. mon. | 35 | |
| 252697509 | John Locke | eople could learn and improve; nat. ability to govern own affairs; look after welfare of society; self-govt; life, liberty, and property; govt-main duty to protect rights; govt. power=consent of governed, not divine right | 36 | |
| 252697510 | Philosophy | height in France 1700's; Paris; philosophes (social critics in France, apply reason to all aspects of life) | 37 | |
| 252697511 | Adam Smith | The Wealth of Nations; supply and demand; founded capitalistic economy | 38 | |
| 252697512 | Montesquieu | admired power of British parliament; advocated more radicalism; 3 indiv. branches (Leg. Exec. Jud.) | 39 | |
| 252697513 | Voltaire and Rousseau | absolutism and intolerance of monarchies and Catholic; freedoms deserved by laws of nature limited; R's social contract "Man born free and everywhere in chains" | 40 | |
| 252697514 | Fundamentals of Philosophy | Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, Liberty | 41 | |
| 252697515 | Consequences | 2 revolutions; constitutional monarchies; modern age of democracy | 42 | |
| 252697516 | Female philosophers | Mary Astell (low view of marriage) and Mary Wollstonecraft (women treated as inferiors because of people's narrow ways of thinking; govt. puts too many obstacles before women who wish to become well educated) | 43 |