World History I AP Trimester 2 Exam (Woodlawn Flashcards

55147413	bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam.	0
55147414	Mecca	City located in the mountainous region along the Red Sea in Arabian Peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of cheif religious pilgrimage point in Islam.	1
55147415	Umayyad	Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established dynasty as rulers of Islam, 660 to 750.	2
55147416	Ka'ba	Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shine in Islam.	3
55147417	Medina	Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca.	4
55147418	Muhammad	Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and thereafter; died in 632.	5
55147419	Qu'ran	Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam.	6
55147420	Ali	Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a.	7
55147421	zakat	Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims.	8
55147422	five pillars	The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj.	9
55147423	Ramadan	Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset.	10
55147424	hajj	A Muslim's pilgramage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba.	11
55147425	caliph	The political and religious successor to Muhammad.	12
55147426	Abu Bakr	One of Muhammad's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first caliph of Islamic community.	13
55147427	Ridda Wars	Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity in Islam.	14
55147428	jihads	Struggle; often used for wars in defense of the faith.	15
55147429	Sunni	Political and theological division within Islam; supported the Umayyads.	16
55147430	Shi'a	Also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali.	17
55147431	Abbasid	Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E.	18
55147432	Baghdad	Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon.	19
55147433	Vikings	Seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweeden, Demnark, and Norway who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe from the the 8th to the 11th centuries.	20
55147434	manorialism	System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciporocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land.	21
55147435	serf	Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages.	22
55147436	vassals	Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a feudal lord in return for military service and loyalty.	23
55147437	moldboard	Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system.	24
55147438	three-field system	System of agricultural cultivation by 9th century western Europe; included one-third in spring grains, one-third fallow.	25
55147439	Clovis	Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity c. 496; allowed establishment of Frankish Kingdom.	26
55147440	Carolingian	Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th Century.	27
55147441	Renaissance	Cultural and political movement in western Europe; began in Italy c. 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; featured a literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the Middle Ages.	28
55147442	Charles Martel	Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe.	29
55147443	Charlemagne	Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany c. 800	30
55147444	Holy Roman emperors	Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c. 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany.	31
55147445	William the Conquerer	Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy.	32
55147446	Saladin	Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th Century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam.	33
55147447	Peter Abelard	Author of _Yes and No_; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine.	34
55147448	Thomas Aquinas	Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval larning; taught at University of Paris; author of several "Summas;" believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God.	35
55147449	scholasticism	Dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems.	36
55147450	gothic	An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls.	37
55147451	Hanseatic League	An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance.	38
55147452	guilds	Sworn associations of people in the same business or craft in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities.	39
55147453	Black Death	Plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure.	40
55147454	Husayn	Ali's second son who attempted to overthrow the Umayyads in a revolt. However, he and a small party were overthrown and killed at Karbala in 680.	41
55147455	Damascus	Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate.	42
55147456	mosque	Place of Muslim prayer, much like church in Christianity.	43
55147457	medieval	The period in western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th century.	44
55147458	mercenaries	Hired killers.	45
55147459	feudalism	System where vassals were loaned land in exchange for part of profits by lords (often kings or rich land-owners).	46
55147460	Battle of Tours	Battle in which Franks and Muslims fought; won by Charles Martel of the Franks; confined Muslims to Spain and preserved Europe for Christianity.	47