AP World History Final Flashcards

15842302	paleolithic age	age of use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence	0
15842303	homo sapiens sapiens	the human species that emerfed as most successful at the end of the paleolithic period	1
15842304	neolithic age	age of use of adaptation of sedentary architecture; domestication of animals and plants	2
15842305	neolithic revolution	succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture	3
15842306	hunting and gathering	means of obtaining subsistence by human species prior to the adaptation of sedentary agriculture	4
15842307	bronze age	age when bronze tools were first introduced to the middle east	5
15842308	slash and burn agriculture	a system of cultivation when forest floors cleared by fire are planted	6
15842309	bands	a group of nomadic hunters consisting of 20 to 30 people	7
15842310	Çatal Hüyük	early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture	8
15842311	civilization	societies distinguished by sedentary agriculture, production of food surpluses, existence of non-farming elites	9
15842312	cuneiform	a form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets	10
15842313	nomads	cattle and sheep herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies	11
15842314	Mesopotamia	the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys	12
15842315	Sumerians	people who migrated into Mesopotamia and organized the first civilization there and and created city-states	13
15842316	ziggurats	massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes	14
15842317	city-states	a form of Mesopotamian political organizations consisting of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban based kings	15
15842318	Babylonians	unified all of Mesopotamia; collapsed during foreign invasion	16
15842319	Hammurabi	the most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law	17
15842320	pharoah	title of kings of ancient Egypt	18
15842321	pyramids	monumental architecture in Egypt used to bury pharoahs	19
15842322	Kush	an African states created on the upper Nile that conquered and ruled Egypt for centuries	20
15842323	Indus River Valley	location of Harappan civilization	21
15842324	Harappa	along with Mohenjo-daro major urban complex of the Harappan civilization	22
15842325	Mohenjo-daro	a major urban complex of Harappan civilization; along with Harappa	23
15842326	Huanghe (Yellow) River	site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China	24
15842327	ideographic writing	pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts	25
15842328	Shang	first Chinese dynasty	26
15842329	Phoenicians	seafaring civilization that established colonies throughout the Mediterranean	27
15842330	mandate of heaven	the divine source for political legitimacy of Chinese rulers	28
15842331	monotheism	the exclusive worship of a single god	29
15842332	Daoism	philosophy that stressed need for alignment with Dao or cosmic force	30
15842333	Qin	dynasty established at the end of the Warring States period after the Zhou dynasty	31
15842334	Shi Huangdi	founder of the brief Qin dynasty	32
15842335	Zhou	vassal family of Shang China that overthrew Shang and established second dynasty of China	33
15842336	Confucius	founded philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi	34
15842337	Great Wall	Chinese construction meant to keep out nomadic invaders; initiated during the Qin dynasty by Shi Huangdi	35
15842338	Han	dynasty that ruled after the Qin for 400 years	36
15842339	Silk Roads	trading route established by pastoral nomads that connected Europe, India, and China and transmitted goods and ideas throughout the civilizations	37
15842340	Alexander the Great	Successor of Philip II; conquered Persian empire and tried to combine Greek and Persian cultures	38
15842341	monsoon	seasonal winds crossing India and southeast Asia; brings rains during summer	39
15842342	Aryan	Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society	40
15842343	sanskrit	the sacred and classical Indian language	41
15842344	vedas	aryan hymns written down in sacred books	42
15842345	untouchables	lowest caste in Indian society who performed undesirable tasks	43
15842346	Indra	chief deity of the Aryans	44
15842347	Chandragupta Maurya	founder of Maurya dynasty; first centralized government since Harappan civilaization	45
15842348	Mauryan dynasty	dynasty established in India established after Alexander's invasion	46
15842349	Ashoka	grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; converted to Buddhism and sponsored its spread throughout the empire	47
15842350	dharma	the caste position and career determined by a person's birth	48
15842351	Kushans	dynasty after the Mauryas; sponsors of Buddhism	49
15842352	Guptas	dynasty after the Kushans; less centralized than the Mauryan empire	50
15842353	Kautilya	political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; believed in scientific application of warfare	51
15842354	gurus	Brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of Guptas	52
15842355	Vishnu	the Brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice	53
15842356	Shiva	the Brahman, later Hindu, god destruction and reproduction	54
15842357	reincarnation	the successive attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits earned in previous lives	55
15842358	Buddha	creater of Buddhism; taught that enlightenment could only be achieved by abandoning desires for all earthly things	56
15842359	nirvana	the Buddhist state of enlightenment	57
15842360	stupas	stone shrines built to house possessions of the Buddha	58
15842361	Cyrus the Great	established massive Persian empire	59
15842362	zoroastrianism	animist religion that saw material existence as battle between good and evil; stressed moral choice; chief religion of Persian empire	60
15842363	olympic games	one of the pan-Hellenistic rituals observed by all of Greece; involved athletic competitions and rituals	61
15842364	Pericles	Athenian political leader that guided the development of Athens during the Peloponnesian wars	62
15842365	Peloponnesian Wars	wars between Athens and Sparta over dominance of southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but did not achieve political unification of Greece	63
15842366	Philip II of Macedon	founder of centralized kingdom of Macedon; conquered Greece; father of Alexander	64
15842367	Hellenistic Period	culture associated with Greek influence due to Macedonian conquests; combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms	65
15842368	Alexandria	Egyptian city founded by Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterraneans largest library	66
15842369	Roman republic	balanced constitution of Rome; featured a senate, magistrates, and other assemblies	67
15842370	Punic Wars	fought between Rome and Carthage over dominance in western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts	68
15842371	Carthage	a major port and commercial power in western Mediterranean; fought in Punic Wars against Rome	69
15842372	Hannibal	Great Carthiginian general during Second Punic War; failed to conquer Rome	70
15842373	Julius Caesar	Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; came back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated by conservative senators	71
15842374	Augustus Caesar	first emperor of Rome; defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra	72
15842375	Diocletian	Roman emperor who restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection	73
15842376	Constantine	Roman emperor who established 2nd capital at Constantinople; tried to use Christianity to unify empire	74
15842377	polis	city-state form of government; typical of Greek political organization	75
15842378	direct democracy	rule of the people; all decisions came from popular assembly without intervention of elected officials	76
15842379	senate	assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic	77
15842380	consuls	two chief executives/magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by annual assembly dominated by aristocracy	78
15842381	Cicero	conservative Roman senator; Stoic philosopher; a great orator	79
15842382	Aristotle	Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world	80
15842383	Stoics	Hellenistic group of philosopher; emphasized inner moral independence by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery	81
15842384	Socrates	Athenian philosopher; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions	82
15842385	Plato	Greek philosopher; considered ideal forms outside material world; proposed form of government based on abstract principles	83
15842386	Sophocles	Greek writer of tragedies; (Oedipus series)	84
15842387	Doric	least ornate of the three Hellenistic architectural styles	85
15842388	Ionic	moderate style of Hellenistic architecture	86
15842389	Corinthian	the most ornate style of Hellenistic architecture	87
15842390	Axum	kingdom in the Ethiopian highlands; received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; first empire to convert to Christianity	88
15842391	Ethiopia	Christian kingdom; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion in Africa	89
15842392	Sahara	desert running across northern Africa that separates the Mediterranean coast from southern Africa	90
15842393	Shintoism	religion of early Japanese culture; worship of numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world	91
15842394	Yellow Turbans	Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in China promising a Golden Age to be brought by divine magic	92
15842395	Sui	dynasty after the Han; united northern China and conquered southern China	93
15842396	Tang	dynasty after and more stable than the Sui	94
15842397	Rajput	regional princes in India following collapse of empire; emphasized military control of their regions	95
15842398	Devi	mother goddess in Hinduism; encouraged emotionalism in religious ritual	96
15876867	islam	major world religion from the Arabian peninsula	97
15876868	Allah	supreme God in strictly monotheistic Islam	98
15876869	Byzantine empire	eastern half of Roman empire after the collapse of the old western empire; capital at Constantinople	99
15876870	Justinian	eastern Roman emperor who tried to restore unity of old Roman empire; responsible for the Hagia Sofia	100
15876871	Augustine	influential church father and theologian born in Africa	101
15876872	Copts	Christian sects of Egypt	102
15876873	Jesus	prophet and teacher among the Jews; believed by Christians to be the Messiah	103
15876874	Paul	one of the first Christian missionaries; ignored insistence that the new religion should follow Jewish law	104
15876875	pope	bishop of Rome; head of the Christian church in western Europe	105
15876876	Benedict	founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman empire	106
15876877	animism	a religious outlook that sees gods in many aspects of nature and uses them to help explain nature	107
15876878	Muslims	followers of islam	108
15876879	Muhammad	the prophet of Islam	109
15876880	Qu'ran	the holy book of Islam	110
15876881	bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula	111
15876882	shaykhs	tribal leaders of the bedouin	112
15876883	Mecca	the holy city of Islam	113
15876884	Umayyad	clan of quraysh that dominated politics and economy of Mecca; later established a dynasty as the rulers of Islam	114
15876885	Quraysh	tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca	115
15876886	Medina	became refuge for Muhammad after flight from Mecca (hijra)	116
15876887	Khadijah	the first wife of Muhammad	117
15876888	Ali	the son-in-law/cousin of Muhammad; orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a	118
15876889	umma	community of the faithful within Islam	119
15876890	zakat	tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims	120
15876891	five pillars	obligatory religious duties for all Muslims	121
15876892	Ramadan	Islamic holy month; fasting is observed	122
15876893	hajj	the pilgrimage to Mecca obligatory for all Muslims	123
15876894	caliph	successors to Muhammad	124
15876895	abu bakr	one of Muhammad's earliest converts; first caliph of Islamic community	125
15876896	Ridda Wars	wars after Muhammad's death; defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam	126
15876897	jihad	Islamic holy war	127
15876898	Nestorians	Christian sects found in southeast Asia	128
15876899	uthman	third caliph and member of Umayyad clan	129
15876900	Battle of Siffin	fought between Ali and the Umayyads	130
15876901	mu'awiya	leader of Umayyad clan	131
15876902	sunnis	followers of the Umayyads	132
15876903	shi'a	followers of Ali	133
15876904	karbala	site of defeat and death of Ali's son Hulayu	134
15876905	Damascus	Syrian city that was the Umayyad capital	135
15876906	mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam	136
15876907	jizya	head tax paid by all non-believers in Islamic territories	137
15876908	dhimmi	Jews and Christians in Islamic territories	138
15876909	hadiths	traditions of the prophet Muhammad	139
15876910	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads	140
15876911	Battle on the River Zab	Abbasid victory against the Umayyads when the Abbasids captured Syria	141
15876912	Baghdad	capital of the Abbasid empire	142
15876913	wazir	chief administrative official under Abbasid caliphate	143
15876914	dhows	Arab sailing vessels that strongly influenced European ship design	144
15876915	ayan	the wealthy elite during Abbasid rule	145
15876916	al-mahdi	third of the Abbasid caliphs; tried but failed to attract moderate Shi'a	146
15876917	harun al-rashid	Abbasif caliph renowned for costly living; death led to civil wars over succession	147
15876918	buyids	regional splinter dynasty that captured and invaded Baghdad and ruled the Abbasid empire under the name Sultan	148
15876919	seljuk turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis	149
15876920	crusades	series of military adventures launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims	150
15876921	Saladin	Muslim leader towards the end of the 12th century	151
15876922	Ottoman empire	turkic empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending throughout Middle East	152
15876923	shah-nama	written by Firdawsi; relates history of Persian to Islamic conquests	153
15876924	ulama	orthodox religious scholars within Islam	154
15876925	al-Ghazali	Islamic theologian who tried to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions	155
15876926	mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; killed last Abbasid caliph	156
15876927	chinggis khan	mongol khagan responsible for conquests of northern China and territories as far west as the Abbasid empire	157
15876928	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan; ruler of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Baghdad	158
15876929	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors who defeated the mongols and halted their advance	159
15876930	Muhammad Ibn Qasim	arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared Sind and Indus valley part of the Umayyad empire	160
15876931	Mahmud of Ghazni	third ruler of turkish slave dynasty; gave muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression	161
15876932	Muhammad of Ghur	military commander of Persian extraction; began attempt to establish Muslim control in India	162
15876933	Qutb-Ud-Din Aibak	lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at New Delhi and declared himself Sultan of India	163
15876934	bhaktic cults	Hindu groups dedicated to gods(esses); stressed importance of strong bonds between devotees and the god/ess who was the subject of their veneration	164
15876935	Mira Bai	Hindu religious poet; showed women the openness of bhaktic cults	165
15876936	Kabir	Muslim mystic; played down importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam	166
15876937	Shrivijaya	trading empire between Malaya and Sumatra; Buddhist government; its demise opened southeast Asia to Islam	167
15876938	Malacca	portuguese factory that was a center for trade amongst southeastern Asian islands	168
15876939	Demak	most powerful trading state on north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other parts of Asia	169
15876940	Ifriqiya	Arabic term for eastern north africa	170
15876941	Maghrib	Arabic term for western North Africa	171
15876942	Almoravids	puritanical reformist movement among Islamic Berber tribes of north Africa	172
15876943	Almohadis	Islamic Berber movement that penetrated sub-Saharan Africa	173
15876944	Sahel	extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara	174
15876945	Sudanic states	kingdoms that developed during the height of Ghana's power in the region; included Mali and Songhai	175
15876946	juula	Malinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali empire	176
15876947	Sundiata	member of the Keita clan; created the Mali empire	177
15876948	Ibn Batuta	Arabic traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records	178
15876949	Timbuktu	port city of Mali; contained a library and a university	179
15876950	Songhai	successor state to Mali; capital at Gao	180
15876951	Muhammad the Great	extended the boundaries of the Songhai empire	181
15876952	Hausa	people of northern Nigeria who foremed states after the demise of Songhai; combined Islamic and pagan traditions	182
15876953	sharia	Islamic law	183
15876954	Nok	culture featuring highly developed art style in forests of central Nigeria	184
15876955	Yoruba	city-state in northern Nigeria featured artistic style, agricultural societies supported by peasantry and dominated by ruling families and aristocracy	185
15876956	Benin	powerful city-state in present day Nigeria and remained relatively free European influence	186
15876957	Kongo	agricultural kingdom on lower Congo River; capital at Mbanza Kongo and ruled by hereditary monarchy	187
15876958	Great Zimbabwe	Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples located between Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers	188
15876959	Hagia Sofia	new church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian	189
15876960	Belisarius	one of Justinian's most important military commanders during reconquest of western Europe	190
15876961	Greek fire	Byzantine weapon used to drive back Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople	191
15876962	Bulgaria	Slavic kingdom established in northern portions of the Balkan peninsula; constant source of pressure on Byzantine Empire	192
15876963	iconoclasm	religions controversy within the Byzantine Empire (emperor tried to suppress veneration of icons)	193
15876964	Cyril	missionary from Byzantine Empire who converted southern Russia/Balkans to Orthodox Christianity; responsible for Cyrillic	194
15876965	Methodius	along with Cyril converted southern Russia/Balkans to Orthodox Christianity	195
15876966	Kiev	trade city and capital in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders	196
15876967	Rurik	Scandinavian regarded as founder of first kingdom of Russia in Kiev	197
15876968	Vladimir I	ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev who converted it to Christianity	198
15876969	Russian orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity imported from Byzantine Empire	199
15876970	Yaroslav	last of Kievan monarchs who issued legal codification based on codes from Byzantine empire	200
15876971	boyars	Russian aristocrats	201
15876972	tatars	mongols who captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kieven state	202
15876973	middle ages	period in western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman empire until the 15th century	203
15876974	vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe	204
15876975	manorialism	system that described economic/political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the middle ages	205
15876976	serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages	206
15876977	moldboard	heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the middle ages	207
15876978	three-field system	system of agricultural cultivation by the 9th century in western Europe	208
15876979	Clovis	early Frankish king who converted Franks to Christianity	209
15876980	Carolingians	royal house of Franks	210
15876981	Charles Martel	Carolingian monarch of Franks who defeated Muslims in Battle of Tours and ended Muslim threat to western Europe	211
15876982	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France in Germany	212
15876983	holy Roman emperors	emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire	213
15876984	feudalism	social organization created by exchanging grants of land or fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiances and promises of loyal service	214
15876985	vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	215
15876986	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy; extended feudalism to England; established centralized monarchy	216
15876987	Magna Carta	great charter issued by King John that confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims	217
15876988	parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups	218
15876989	key three estates	church, nobles, and urban leaders	219
15876990	hundred years' war	conflict between England and France over lands England possessed in France	220
15876991	Pope Urban II	called the first crusade	221
15876992	Pope Gregory VII	pope who attempted to free church from interference of feudal lords	222
15876993	investiture	practice of state appointment of bishops	223
15876994	Peter Abelard	university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology	224
15876995	Bernard of Claireveaux	emphasized role of faith in preference to logic	225
15876996	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning	226
15876997	scholasticism	use of logic to solve theological problems	227
15876998	gothic	architectural style during western Europe that featured pointed arches and flying buttresses	228
15876999	Hanseatic League	an organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia to create a commercial alliance	229
15877000	guilds	sworn associations of people of the same business or trade in a single city	230
15877001	Black Death	plague that struck Europe during Dark Ages that significantly reduced its population and affected social structure	231