APWH ch. 4 Flashcards

205694402	Cyrus the Great	-Famous Persian emperor -controlled land and people across northern Middle East and into Northwestern India	0
205694403	Pericles	-Famous Greek politician who dominated Athenian government -even he was not able to prevent war between Athens and Sparta (peloponnesian war)	1
205694404	Alexander the Great	-Extended the Greek Empire into the Persian Empire all the way to India -died shortly after conquest	2
205694405	Hellenistic period	After Alexander's death, Greek education, art, and culture merged with Middle East. Trade and important scientific centers were established (Alexandria, Egypt)	3
205694406	Punic Wars	wars between Roman Republic and Carthage over dominance of the Mediterranean. Hannibal(for carthage) was unable to stop Romans	4
205694407	Julius Caesar	-Dictator of Roman Republic -effectively ended the republic and transformed it into an empire	5
205694408	Diocletian and Constantine	-Strong emperors toward end of Roman Empire -tried to reverse the tide of the empire's ultimate fall -Constantine moved the capital to Constantinople and allowed freedom for worship for Christians	6
205694409	Greek city-states	united in language and religion but Greeks had different forms of government from monachies to oligarchies to aristocratically controlled democracies	7
205694410	Greek word for city-state	"polis"	8
205694411	senate	-most important legislative body in Roman republic -composed mainly of aristocrats	9
205694412	consuls	2 men who shared executive power in Roman republic. (in emergencies a dictator was chosen)	10
205694413	In times of crisis, who could the Senate choose?	a dictator with emergency powers	11
205694414	Cicero	Roman writer and senator who expounded on the value of oratory (small chapel) in political discourse.	12
205694415	Socrates	leading figure in development of classical Med. philosophy. Encouraged students to question conventional wisdom.	13
205694416	Plato	Socrates' greatest pupil who suggested humans could approach an understanding of perfect forms of truth, good, and beauty	14
205694417	Aristotle	-Student of Plato -developed logic and scientific reasoning -stressed the value of moderation	15
205694418	Stoics	Adherents of Greek philosophy emphasized an inner moral independence prepared by strict discipline and personal bravery.	16
205694419	Sophocles	Athenian dramatist who specialized in psychological tragedies (such as Oedipus Rex)	17
205694420	Iliad	-Greek epic poem -attributed to Homer -defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek	18
205694421	Doric, Ionic, Corinthian	3 forms of Greek columns that represent what is still known as classical architecture. Doric= simplest. Corinthian= most elaborate	19
205694422	Battle of Marathon	Battle where the Persians who invaded Greece were defeated on the Plain of Marathon by an Athenian army	20
205694423	Xerxes	Persian king who invaded Greece in revenge for earlier Persian defeats by the Greeks. Defeated in battles os Salamis and Plataea	21
205694424	Themistocles	Athenian leader who helped lead Athenian navy during Persian wars. Lead to defeat of Persian fleet	22
205694425	Battle of Thermopylae	Spartan king Leonidas and his army of 300 spartans and other Greeks refused to surrender to the Persian army at the pass of Thermopylae. Annihilated but allowed other Greek forces to prepare	23
205694426	Zoroastrianism	-Persian religion developed by prophet Zoroaster -taught that life is a battle between forces of good and evil, humans have to choose between the 2	24
205694427	Olympic Games	Festival and athletic contests held at Olympia in honor of Zeus. All greek city-states sent representatives	25
205694428	Peloponnesian Wars	War against Athens and Sparta Sparta won war but city-states were weakened from fighting	26
205694429	Philip II of Macedon	-King of Macedon -defeated army of Thebes and Athens to become ruler of Greek city-states -father of Alexander the Great	27
205694430	Alexandria	-Founded by Alexander the Great -seaport in Egypt (on Med. Sea) -center of Hellenistic culture with a great library	28
205694431	Roman republic	-balanced constitution of Rome -featured an Aristocratic Senate, panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies	29
205694432	Carthage	Ancient city-state in north Africa founded by Phoenicians and destroyed by Romans in Punic Wars	30
205694433	Hannibal	Carthaginian general who led troops into Italy during 2nd Punic War. Defeated by Roman general Scipio	31
205694434	Augustus Caesar	-restored order to Rome -first emperor of Rome -instituted a monarchial government where emperor was dictator, chief military general, and chief priest	32
205694435	Tyranny	government based on the rule of an absolute ruler	33
205694436	Direct democracy	government based on the rule of the of the vote of the people	34
205694437	Aristocracy	government based on the rule of the best of the society	35
205694438	Twelve Tables	Roman law code developed in response to the democratization of the Roman republic	36
205694439	"Mystery" religions	Religions often from Middle East which had secret rituals and fellowship and greater sense of contact with divine. competed with Christianity	37
205694440	Herodotus	Greek historian called "Father of History" who wrote the account of Persian Wars in the Hirstories	38
205694441	Pythagoras	Hellenistic mathematician who developed many basic geometric theorems which are still in use	39
205694442	Galen	Hellenistic physician and writer who wrote many medical treaties; formed basis of modern medical practice	40
205694443	Euclid	Hellenistic mathematician who produced the world's most widely used collection of info of geometry	41
205694444	Ptolemy	Hellenistic astronomer who produced an elaborate theory of the sun's motion around the Earth	42
205694445	Sappho	-One of the great poets of ancient Greeks -her poetry developed complexities of the inner workings of human beings and love	43
205694446	Vergil	one of the greatest of Roman poets during "Golden Age" of LAtin literature; patronized by Augustus' author of Aeneid	44