ap world ch 23 vocab Flashcards

62229319	Population revolution:	huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50 percent, England and Prussia 100 percent.	0
62229320	French Revolution	revolution in France between 1789 and 1800; resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarch and old regimes; ended with establishment of French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte; source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe.	1
62229321	Guillotine	introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized to execute thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror.	2
62229322	Radicals	political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower classes.	3
62229323	French Revolution of 1830	second rebellion against Bourbon monarch; essentially a liberal movement resulting in the creation of a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy.	4
62229324	Industrial Revolution	series of changes in economy of Western Europe between 1740 and 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agriculture productivity, commercial revolution of 17th century, and development of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production.	5
62229325	Factory system	not to be confused with the fortified ports of the commercial revolution; intensification of process of production at single sites during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and firmer discipline.	6
62229326	French Revolution of 1848	overthrew the monarch established in 1830; briefly established a democratic republic; failure of the republic led to the reestablishment of the French Empire under Napoleon III in 1850.	7
62229327	Benjamin Disraeli	leading conservative political figure in Britain in the second half of the 19th century; took initiative of granting vote to working-class males in 1867; typical of conservative politician making use of popular politics.	8
62229328	American Civil War	fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in the united States and reunification in North and South.	9
62229329	Revisionism	socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions.	10
62229330	Charles Darwin	biologist who developed theory of evolution of species (1859); argued that all living species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival.	11
62229331	Romanticism	artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection.	12
62229332	Proto-industrialization	preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full or part time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution.	13
62229333	Louis XVI	Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution.	14
62229334	Napoleon Bonaparte	rose within the French army during the wars of the French Revolution; eventually became general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution and established the French Empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815.	15
62229335	Nationalism	political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe in the 19th century; often allied with one of other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin.	16
62229336	Belgian Revolution	produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a liberal constitutional monarchy.	17
62229337	James Watt	devised a steam engine in 1770's during the Industrial Revolution that could be used for production; steam engine was utilized for textile industries, mining, and railroads.	18
62229338	Luddites	workers in Britain (1810-1820) who responded to replacement of human labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy the machines; named after a mythical leader, Ned Ludd.	19
62229339	Louis Pasteur	discoverer of germs; discovery led to more conscientious sanitary regulation by the 1880s.	20
62229340	Count Camillio di Cavour	architect of Italian unification in 1858 formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of northern Italy; resulted in creation of constitutional monarchy under Piedmonteste king.	21
62229341	The social question	issues relating to repressed classes in Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution, particularly workers and women; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870.	22
62229342	Feminist movement	sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access for professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class women; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in 1960s.	23
62229343	Albert Einstein	developed mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; after 1900 issued theory of relativity.	24
62229344	Triple Alliance	alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.	25
62229345	American Revolution:	rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of the United States of America.	26
62229346	Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen	adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution; stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens; later became a political source for other liberal movements.	27
62229347	Liberals	political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments.	28
62229348	Greek Revolution	rebellion in Greece against the ottomans empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans.	29
62229349	Reform bill of 1832	legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain.	30
62229350	Demographic transition	shift to low birth rate, low infant death rate, stable population; first emerged in Western Europe and U.s. in late 19the century.	31
62229351	Chartist movement	attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840's; demands for reform beyond the Reform act of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed.	32
62229352	Triple Entente	alliance among Britain, Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.	33
62229353	Otto von Bismarck	conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under Prussian king in 1870; utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes.	34
62229354	Karl Marx	German socialist of the mid-19th century; blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship.	35
62229355	Mass leisure culture	an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theatre, vacation trips, and team sports.	36
62229356	Sigmund Freud	Viennese physician; developed theories of the workings of the human unconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses.	37