APWH Test- Ch. 23-24 Flashcards

135574442	Population revolution	Huge growth in population in western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization.	0
135574443	Protoindustrialization	Preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers became full- or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial Revolution.	1
135574444	American Revolution	Rebellion of the British American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States.	2
135574445	French Revolution	Overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon's French empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe.	3
135574446	Louis XVI	Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution.	4
135574447	Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen	Adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements.	5
135574448	Guillotine	Introduced as a method of "humane" execution; used during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror.	6
135574449	Napoleon Bonaparte	Army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815.	7
135574450	Congress of Vienna	Met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power.	8
135574451	Liberalism	Political ideology that flourished in 19th-century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments.	9
135574452	Radicals	Followers of a 19th-century Western European political emphasis; advocated broader voting rights than liberals did; urged reforms favoring the lower classes.	10
135574453	Socialism	Political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class.	11
135574454	Nationalism	European 19th-century viewpoint; often allied with other "isms"; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on ethnic origins.	12
135574455	Greek Revolution	Rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the Turkish Balkan Empire.	13
135574456	French Revolution of 1830	Second revolution against the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement that created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy.	14
135574457	Belgian Revolution of 1830	Produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a constitutional monarchy.	15
135574458	Reform Bill of 1832	British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class.	16
135574459	James Watt	Devised a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution.	17
135574460	Factory system	Intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline.	18
135574461	Luddites	Workers in Britain who responded to the replacement of their labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy machines; named after the fictional worker Ned Ludd.	19
135574462	Chartist movement	Unsuccessful attempt by British artisans and workers to gain the vote during the 1840s.	20
135574463	French Revolution of 1848	Overthrew the French monarchy established in 1830; briefly established the Second French Republic.	21
135574464	Revolutions of 1848	The nationalist and liberal movements in Italy, Germany, Austria- Hungary; after temporary success they were suppressed.	22
135574465	Louis Pasteur	Discoverer of germs and of the purifying process named after him.	23
135574466	Benjamin Disraeli	British politician; granted the vote to working-class men in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stability through reform.	24
135574467	Count Camillo di Cavour	Architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the king of Piedmont.	25
135574468	Otto von Bismarck	Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; used liberal reforms to maintain stability.	26
135574469	American Civil War (1861-1865)	Fought to prevent secession of the southern states; the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the Industrial Revolution; resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the United States.	27
135574470	Transformismo	Political system in Italy that allied conservatives and liberals in support of the status quo.	28
135574471	Social question	Issues relating to workers and women in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870.	29
135574472	Karl Marx	German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship.	30
135574473	Revisionism	Socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions.	31
135574474	Feminist movement	Sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle-class women.	32
135574475	Mass leisure culture	An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports.	33
135574476	Charles Darwin	Biologist who developed the theory of evolution of species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival.	34
135574477	Albert Einstein	Formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; in about 1900 issued the theory of relativity.	35
135574478	Sigmund Freud	Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human subconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses.	36
135574479	Romanticism	19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection.	37
135574480	Triple Alliance	Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European balance of power system before World War I.	38
135574481	Triple Entente	Agreement among Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before World War I.	39
135574482	Balkan nationalism	Movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system that ended with the outbreak of World War I.	40
135574483	Industrial Revolution	Series of changes in economy of Western nations between 1740 and 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, commercial revolution in 17th century, and development of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production.	41
135574484	Age of Revolution	Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848.	42
135574485	Nationalism	Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe; often allied with other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin.	43
135574486	Conservative	Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of the church.	44
135574487	Imperialism	The policy of expanding national territory through colonization and conquest.	45
135574488	Sepoys	Indian troops, trained in European style, serving the French and British.	46
135574489	Raj	The British political establishment in India.	47
135574490	Plassey (1757)	Battle between the troops of the British East India Company and an Indian army under Siraj-ud-daula, ruler of Bengal; British victory gave them control of Northeast India.	48
135574491	Robert Clive	Architect of British victory at Plassey; established foundations of the Raj in northern India.	49
135574492	Presidencies	Three districts that comprised the bulk of British-ruled territories in India during the early 19th century; capitals at Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay.	50
135574493	Princely states	Ruled by Indian princes allied with the Raj; agents of the East India Company were stationed at their courts to ensure loyalty.	51
135574494	Nabobs	Name given to Britons who went to India to make fortunes through graft and exploitation; returned to Britain to live richly.	52
135574495	Charles Cornwallis	British official who reformed East India Company corruption during the 1790s.	53
135574496	Isandhlwana (1879)	Zulu defeat of a British army; one of the few indigenous victories over 19th-century European armies.	54
135574497	Tropical dependencies	Western European possessions in Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific where small numbers of Europeans ruled large indigenous populations.	55
135574498	White dominions	A type of settlement colony, such as those in North America and Australia, where European settlers made up the majority of the population.	56
135574499	Settler colonies	Colonies, such as those in South Africa, New Zealand, Algeria, Kenya, and Hawaii, where minority European populations lived among majority indigenous peoples.	57
135574500	White racial supremacy	Belief in the inherent superiority of whites over the rest of humanity; peaked in the period before World War I.	58
135574501	Great Trek	Migration into the South African interior of thousands of Afrikaners seeking to escape British control	59
135574502	Boer republics	Independent states—Orange Free State and Transvaal—established during the 1850s in the South African interior by Afrikaners.	60
135574503	Cecil Rhodes	British entrepreneur in South Africa; manipulated political situation to gain entry to the diamonds and gold discovered in the Boer republics.	61
135574504	Boer War (1899-1902)	Fought between the British and Afrikaners; British victory and postwar policies left the African population of South Africa under Afrikaner control.	62
135574505	James Cook	His voyages to Hawaii from 1777 to 1779 opened the islands to the West.	63
135574506	Kamehameha	Hawaiian prince; with British backing he created a unified kingdom by 1810; promoted the entry of Western ideas in commerce and social relations.	64
135574507	Great Mahele	Hawaiian edict issued in 1848 that imposed Western property concepts that resulted in much Hawaiian land passed to Western commercial interests.	65
135574508	Ram Mohum Roy	Western-educated Indian leader, early 19th century; cooperated with British to outlaw sati.	66
135574509	Natal	British colony in South Africa; developed after Boer trek north from Cape Colony; major commercial outpost of Durban.	67
135574510	Nationalism	Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe; often allied with other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin.	68