Pre AP midterm Flashcards

from all homework packets

126641486	Homo sapiens sapiens	the newest human breed. All current humans are descendents of these. Originated 12,000 years ago in Africa	0
126641487	difference between B.C. and B.C.E and A.D. and C.E.	B.C. and A.D. are Christian terms referring to "before Christ" and "after death". Historians use "before common era" and "common era" to record history from a non-religious standpoint	1
126641488	Neolithic Age	also known as "new stone age". Occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E. People started adapting to agriculture, and plants & animals were domesticated.	2
126641489	Neolithic Revolution	the development of agriculture. Took over 1000 years. People started permanently settling in one spot. Agriculture supported large populations, and skilled crafts and sciences started to develop. Metals were also discovered.	3
126641490	Bronze Age	metal working became a common place, and stone tools were rarely used. Lasted from 4000 to 1500 B.C.E. Started with copper, then bronze was later introduced. Used metal for farming tools, weapons, and artisan tools.	4
126641491	civilization	societies that rely on agriculture and have the ability to produce surpluses of food. Also could be groups of nonfarming people or merchants. Have a hierarchy of inequality.	5
126641492	cuneiform	writing based on wedge like characters. started to appear in the Middle East around 3500 B.C.E.	6
126641493	nomads	cattle and sheep herding societies found on the outer edges of civilized societies. Referred to as barbarians by civilized people.	7
126641494	Mesopotamia	location of first civilization developed from scratch. Located in Middle East. Farmers used metal and invented the wheel. Started pottery industry.	8
126641495	Sumerians	those who lived in Sumer. Developed a cuneiform alphabet with 2000 symbols. Had different forms of art, such as statues. Made developments in science and complex agriculture, and started to study astronomy. Developed system of numbers.	9
126641496	Ziggurat	massive tower that served as a temple for the Sumerians. First example of their monumental architecture. Rituals, prayers, and offerings were held, and were led by professional preists.	10
126641497	Babylonians	brought decline after conquest. Extended empire and brought civilization to the Middle East. Unified Mesopotamia.	11
126641498	Hammurabi	King of the Empire of Babylon. Introduced the most famous early code of law. Established rules for procedure in court, property rights, and implemented harsh punishments for crimes.	12
126641499	pharaoh	a king who possessed large amounts of power.	13
126641500	pyramids	complex tombs built for pharaohs. Started being built in 2700 B.C.E	14
126641501	Kush	a kingdom that interacted with and invaded Egypt.	15
126641502	Indus River	river located in Himalayas that supported many large cities, like Harappa. Also the location of a prosperous civilization where the city houses had running water, and traded with Mesopotamia.	16
126641503	Harappa & Mohenjo Daro	large cities supported by the Indus River. Houses had running water.	17
126641504	Huanghe River	river located in China. Recorded half legend half history of early kings. Had an organized state, and regulated irrigation. Produced advanced technology and learned to ride horses. Skilled in pottery. Used bronze and iron. Used ideographic symbols as style of writing.	18
126641505	ideographic symbols	pictographic characters used to create new concepts in Chinese. Became typical Chinese writing and was a huge improvement from knotted ropes and scratches on bone previously used.	19
126641506	Phoenicians	made a simplified alphabet with only 22 letters which became a predecessor of Greek/ Latin alphabets. Improved Egyptian number system. Set up colony cities in North Africa and the coast of Europe.	20
126641507	Mandate of Heaven	divine source of political authenticity for Chinese rulers. Established by Zhou to justify the overthrow of the Shang	21
126641508	monotheism	exclusive worship of one god. Introduced by Jews in western civilization.	22
126641509	Dao	name for a way to seek the harmony of a balanced opposite. Refers to the balance that comes from opposites. Also refers to ancient Chinese philosophy	23
126641510	Qin Dynasty	Qin= whole country. Followed Warring States period. Innovations in politics and culture took place. Standardized coinage, weights, and measurements were used. Made a Chinese written script uniform. Furthered agriculture, irrigation, and manufacturing. Short lived. Attacked formal culture	24
126641511	Shi Huangdi	Brutal ruler of Qin Dynasty. Became effective by handling internal disorder, and worked to undo the power of the aristocrats. ordered nobles to appear in court. Carefully selected officials from the non aristocrats. Powerful armies crushed regional resistance.	25
126641512	Great Wall	a 3000 mile long wall, wide enough for two chariots to pass by. Largest construction project in human history. Built to guard Chinese against barbarian invasions. Built under rule of Shi Huangdi.	26
126641513	Han Dynasty	lasted for over 4000 years. Rounded out basic political and intellectual structure. Gave rise to direct contact with Middle East and developed contact to Parthian Empire in the Middle East. Most famous ruler= Wu Ti. He enforced peace throughout Asia. He embraced more territory than population. Workings of bureaucracy improved. The dynasty declined after 2 centuries.	27
126641514	Kung Fuzi	Also known as Confucius. Devoted to teaching and preached ideas of political virtue & good government. Saw himself as a spokesman for Chinese tradition. One of his beliefs: If people could be taught to emphasize personal virtue, a solid political life would naturally result. Fathers and husbands were leaders of the family. Developed a system of ethics and recommended obedience & respect. Said rulers should be humble.	28
126641515	legalism	alternate system of political thought. Disdained Confucian virtues in favor of authoritarian state ruled by force. Army would control and people would labor. Never captured widespread approval.	29
126641516	Laozi	Furthered Daoism in China. Stressed that nature contains a divine impulse that directs all life.	30
126641517	"mean" people	people with the lowest status in China's social structure. Had unskilled jobs like rough transport. Punished for crime more harshly than other groups of people.	31
126641518	Confucian bureaucracy	family structures closely linked to political and cultural goals. Technology, religion, philosophy, and political structure evolved with little outside contact. Chinese saw world as large island of civilizations surrounded by barbarians. Confucianism brought vital support to bureaucracy to make it a trained corps with some common ideals.	32
126641519	Alexander the Great	Persian leader who invaded India. Didn't establish durable empire but kept important Indian contacts with Hellenistic culture. Tried to combine Greek and Persian cultures.	33
126641520	monsoon	torrential rain that is critical for farming. Very inconsistent year for year. Important because they are needed for farming and irrigation, and the crops grown support the large populations.	34
126641521	Aryans	IndoEuropean migrants and nomads that were hunters and gatherers from central Asia. Eventually come to terms with agriculture but still impacts culture with their own. Indian agriculture later began to extend and the Aryans used stone tools to clear the dense vegetation. Developed Sanskrit and Vedas. Also followed the caste system. Patriarchal family structure. Heaven = Moksha.	35
126641522	Sanskrit	literary epics that were passed down orally and eventually written down. Became first literary language of new culture. The sacred books of sanskrit were called Vedas.	36
126641523	Mahabharata	India's greatest epic poem. involves real and mythical battles	37
126641524	Ramayana	epic tale of adventures. Involves real and mythical battles.	38
126641525	Upanishads	epic poems with a more mystical religious flavor.	39
126641526	Varnas	name for Aryan social classes. Partly enforced in agricultural societies. Consisted of Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, Sudras, and Brahmans.	40
126641527	untouchables	lowest class of varnas. Limited jobs available. Believed to devile others from different classes.	41
126641528	Indra	god of thunder and strength in Indian history.	42
126641529	Chandragupta Maurya	young soldier who siezed power along the Ganges river. Became first Indian ruler of Mauryan Dynasty	43
126641530	Mauryan Dynasty	Borrowed ideas from Persians or Alexander the Great. Developed bureaucracy and postal service. Relied on ruler and military power	44
126641531	Ashoka	Chandragupta's grandson who became governor in two provinces. Influenced by both Brahman and Buddhism. Extended Mauryan conquests. Gained control of all of India except tip. Was compassionate and bloodthirsty. Worked to improve trade and communication.	45
126641532	Dharma	the law of moral consequences. could unite and discipline diverse people.	46
126641533	Guptas	a line of kings that established a large empire. Preferred to negotiate with princes and marry within the family. Overturned by the Huns. Had multiple languages within the empire. Qualified as a golden age.	47
126641534	Guru	a mystic or Brahman that served as a teacher of princes of the imperial court of the Guptas	48
126641535	Shiva & Vishnu	Shiva= destroyer; Vishnu= preserver. Hindu gods	49
126641536	Reincarnation	the idea that souls don't die when bodies do, but are rather passed on to other beings. It brought beings higher and higher in the caste system until it ultimately reached the soul of a Brahma.	50
126641537	Buddha	actual name= Gautama. Indian prince who questioned the fairness of earthly life within poverty and misery. Also known as the enlightened one. A Hindu Mystic. Traveled and gathered disciples to spread his ideas. Denied the validity of the caste system.	51
126641538	Nirvana	Buddhist state of enlightenment and tranquility. Idea of destruction opening a door to a world with no suffering and decay. Stressed self control.	52
126641539	Stupas	spherical shrines in honor of Buddha.	53
126641540	Cyrus the Great	established a large Persian Empire across the Northern Middle East and into Northwestern India. Empire established in 550 B.C.E.	54
126641541	Zoroastrianism	new religion developed by the Persians	55
126641542	Olympic games	they united the Greek city states. Each city state was represented and could participate in the games.	56
126641543	Pericles	most famous political figure in Greece that dominated Athenian politics. Ruled through wise influence and negotiation. He wasn't able to prevent war between the Athenians and Sparta.	57
126641544	Peloponnesian Wars	caused political decline when Athens and Sparta both wanted control of Greece. Macedonian kings conquered the cities.	58
126641545	Phillip II of Macedon	won crucial battle of Peloponnesian wars. His son extended the Macedonian empire.	59
126641546	Hellenistic period	a period of influence from the Hellenes. Greek art and culture merged with other Middle Easter forms.	60
126641547	Alexandria	an important scientific center was established here and trade flourished.	61
126641548	Roman Republic	included an aristocratic senate, a panel of magistrates, and popular assemblies. It extended over the Italian peninsula and conquered southern Greek colonies. It gave Rome an early and strong military orientation.	62
126641549	Punic Wars	a series of wars fought between Rome and Carthage. Fought to establish dominance in the western Mediterranean.	63
126641550	Carthage	It becomes a major part and commercial power in the western Mediterranean.	64
126641551	Hannibal	Carthaginian general who led the Carthaginians in the Punic wars, and used elephants in battle.	65
126641552	Diocletian	Roman emperor who restored the empire by improving administration and tax collection.	66
126641553	Constantine	Roman Emperor who established the second capital (Constantinople) and attempted to unite the empire with Christianity.	67
126641554	Polis	Greek word for city state. Typical Greek form of government.	68
126641555	Direct Democracy	"rule of the people"' all decisions made by randomly chosen assembly. No elected officials.	69
126641556	Senate	assembly of Roman aristocrats. Advised on policy within the republic. An early element of Roman constitution.	70
126641557	Consuls	two chief executives of Roman Republic. Elected by an annual assembly that was dominated by aristocracy.	71
126641558	Aristotle	Greek philosopher who taught Alexander the Great. Stressed the importance of moderation and balance.	72
126641559	Stoics	emphasized inner moral independence, strict discipline of the body, and bravery. Hellenistic group of philosophers.	73
126641560	Socrates	Athenian philosopher who tutored Plato. Emphasized reflection on moral decision. Condemned to death for corrupting young Athenian minds.	74
126641561	Plato	Greek philosopher who considered ideal forms outside the material world. Suggested a philosopher ruling government	75
126641562	Sophocles	Greek writer of tragedies; wrote Oedipus Rex.	76
126641563	Illiad and the Odyssey	defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek myths. Written by Homer. Epic poems that helped shape Greek mythos.	77
126641564	Doric	least ornate decorIonic- moderately ornate decor	78
126641565	Corinthian	most ornate decor	79
126641566	Axum	rival kingdom that defeated Kush. Eventually defeated by Ethiopia. Located in European highlands and was strongly influenced by the Arabian peninsula. Eventually converted to Christianity.	80
126641567	Ethiopia	located in highlands of eastern Africa as a Christian kingdom. Under rule of dynasty of Lalaibela. Maintained Christianity throughout Muslim expansion. Both had strong trade ties to the Mediterranean world until after the fall of Rome in 476.	81
126641568	silk roads	trade routes that ran from western China to central Asia. Transmitted goods and ideas among civilizations.	82
126641569	Shintoism	Japan's national religion as on 700 C.E. Provided worship of political rulers and spirits of nature (god of rice). Local shrines and rituals revolved around Shinto beliefs. Very simple religion.	83
126641570	Olmec Culture	many impressive achievements. Explores stones such as jade. Blended human images with animals through religious statues. Produced accurate calendar. Disappeared c. 400 B.C.E.	84
126641571	Maya	emerged in South Mexico and central America. Contemporary with Teotihuacan. Had monumental architecture, written language, calendar, math systems, and a highly developed religion.	85
126641572	Inca	created empire incorporating various Andean cultures.	86
126641573	Polynesian peoples	reached Fiji and Samoa. Settlement of Hawaii; introduction to new animals.	87
126641574	Yellow Turbins	name for leaders of Daoism. Promised a golden age would be brought about by divine magic. Attacked weakness of emperor and the self indulgence of the bureaucracy	88
126641575	Rajput	name for regional princes of the Gupta empire in India. Controlled small states and emphasized military prowess.	89
126641576	Islam	Middle eastern religion originated in 610 C.E. on Arab peninsula. Literally means submission. Based on prophecy of Muhammad.	90
126641577	Allah	name for supreme god in monotheistic Islam	91
126641578	Byzantine Empire	product of late imperial Rome; not a balanced result of Classical Mediterranean civilization. Spoke Greek. Didn't control whole northern Middle East. Retained Mediterranean culture, mostly Greek. Capital= Constantinople.	92
126641579	Justinian	ruled Byzantine empire from 527-565 C.E. Tried to restore unity of old Roman Empire. Issued most famous compilation on Roman law.	93
126641580	Augustine	great Christian theologian and Bishop of northern Africa. Champion of Christian doctrine against heresies; important in long term development of Christian thought on issues like predestination.	94
126641581	Coptic church	branch of Christianity; still survives today. created new doctrines	95
126641582	bodhisattvas	Buddhist holy men who built up spiritual merits during life. Prayers after death could aid people to achieve reflected holiness.	96
126641583	Mahayana	name for East Asian from of Buddhism also known as "greater vehicle". Retained basic Buddhist beliefs but increased emphasis on Buddha himself.	97
126641584	Jesus of Nazareth	believed by Christians as the son of God. Preached widely in Israel and gathered a group of disciples. He was crucified then came back. Spread message of one God only.	98
126641585	Paul	early convert to Christianity. One of the first Christian missionaries. Moved away from insistence that adherents of the new religion followed Jewish law. Used Greek as language for the Church.	99
126641586	Pope	bishop of Rome who guided the whole Christian church in western Europe.	100
126641587	Benedict	started a monastery among Italian peasants. Created Benedictine Rule, which spread quickly to other monasteries. Led people away from worship of Apollo. Paralleled development of Basil's rules in the Byzantine Empire	101
126641588	Qur'an	holy Islam book containing Allah's revelations to Muhammad	102
126641589	Muhammad	nomadic clan leader; hero of Islam because of revelations from Allah. Lost mother and father at early age. Influenced Judaism and Christianity from Syria	103
126641590	Shaykhs	tribe/ clan leaders; typically men with larger herds; several wives, many children and servants (slave family)	104
126641591	Mecca	Located along the Red Sea on the Arabian peninsula. Founded by the Umayadd clan of Quraysh. Site of the Ka'ba and original home of the prophet Muhammad. Location of chief religious point for Islam.	105
126641592	Ka'ba	one of Pre-Islamic Arabia's most revered religious shrines. Attracts religious pilgrims and merchants. Site of obligatory clan truce.	106
126641593	Medina	Also known as Yathrib. Located northeast of Mecca. Location where Muhammad fled to from Mecca.	107
126641594	caliph	political and religious successor to Muhammad	108
126641595	Ridda Wars	Restored unity of Islam after defeating rival prophets and some larger clans.	109
126641596	mawali	non Arab converts to Islam	110
126641597	Dhimmi	Jews and Christians who lived in Islamic territories	111
126641598	wazir	chief administrative official under the caliph	112
126641599	dhows	Arab sailing vessels that strongly influenced European ship design.	113
126641600	Ayan	wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule.	114
126641601	bedouin	non Jewish Arab	115
126641602	Gabriel	angel that gave Muhammad his revelations	116
126641603	Hijra	name for Muhammad's flight to Medina	117
126641604	Umma	community of the faithful. Allows political and religious unity among clans	118
126641605	Jihad	religious war	119
126641606	Ramadan	period of fasting in Islamic tradition; part of 5 pillars	120
126641607	Shahada	confession of faith/ statement of belief in Islamic tradition; part of 5 pillars	121
126641608	Zakat	almsgiving in 5 pillars of Islamic tradition	122
126641609	Hajj	pilgrimage to Mecca as a devout Muslim	123
126641610	Abu Bakr	cousin of Muhammad; selected as caliph after Muhammad	124
126641611	Uthman Umayyad	Muslim caliph who was assassinated by mutinous warriors returning from warfare in Egypt.	125
126641612	Ali	4th caliph; related to Muhammad. Replaced my Mu'awiya	126
126641613	Sunnis	Muslims who shared common Islamic beliefs but also believed that all caliphs should be chosen from those worthy.	127
126641614	Shi'as	Muslims who shared common Islamic beliefs but also believed that all caliphs should be descendents of Muhammad	128
126641615	jizya	tax on "non believers"	129
126641616	al-Mahdi	Third Abbasid caliph. Attempted and failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty. Failed to resolve succession problem. Ruled 775-785 C.E.	130
126641617	Harun al-Rashid	most famous and enduring Abbasid caliph who ruled 786-809	131
126641618	Buyids	Regional splinter dynasty of the mid 10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad. Ruled Abbasid Empire under name sultan. Retained Abbasids as figureheads. Replaced by Seljuk Turks.	132
126641619	Seljuk Turks	Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia. Staunch Sunnis. Ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid 11th century	133
126641620	Ottoman Empire	Turk Empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending throughout Middle East. Responsible for conquest of Constantinople and end of Byzantine Empire in 1453. Succeeded Seljuk Turks following the retreat of the Mongols.	134
126641621	Crusades	series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free the Holy Land from the Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms. Later used for other purposes like commercial wars and extermination of heresies.	135
126641622	Saladin	Muslim leader in last decades of the 12th century. Reconquered most of the Crusader outposts for Islam.	136
126641623	Shah-Nama	written by Firdawsi in the late 10th century and early 11th centuries. Relates his story of Persia from creation to Islamic conquests. Known as Book of Kings.	137
126641624	al-Ghazali	Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Quranic traditions. Not entirely accepted by Ulama. Ideas rejected by Orthodox scholars.	138
126641625	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms. Captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph.	139
126641626	Chinggis Khan	Born in 1170s in decades following the death of Kabul Khan; elected Khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206. Responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions. Died in 1227 prior to conquest of most of the Islamic world.	140
126641627	Hulegu	Ruler of Ilkan Khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan. Responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad.	141
126641628	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors. They established a dynasty in Egypt and defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 which halted Mongol advance.	142
126641629	Muhammad ibn Qasim	Aram general who conquered Sind in India. Declared that region and the Indus River Valley to be part of the Umayyad Empire.	143
126641630	Mahmud of Ghazni	Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan. Led invasions of northern India. Credited with sacking one of the wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India. Gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression.	144
126641631	Muhammad of Ghur	Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled a small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan. Began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus River Valley, Sind, and Northwest India under his control	145
126641632	Bhaktic cults	Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses who was the object of their veneration. Most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu.	146
126641633	Malacca	Portugese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula. Traditionally a center for trade among the Southeastern Asian islands.	147
126641634	Demak	Most powerful of the trading states on the north coast of Java. Converted to Islam and served as a point of dissemination to other ports.	148
126641635	Stateless societies	societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligations and lacking concentration of political power and authority that is normal of the state.	149
126641636	Ifriqiya	also known as Tunisia. Romans called it Africa. Arab word for Eastern north Africa	150
126641637	Maghrib	Arab word for western north Africa	151
126641638	Almoravids	followers of great Puritanical reformist movement. Moved south and west into Spain	152
126641639	Almohadis	followers of great Puritanical reformist movement. Moved into the sub-Sahara	153
126641640	Sahel	extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara. Point of exchange between forests to north and south of Africa	154
126641641	Sudanic States	states before Ghana. Often had patriarch or council of elders from a certain family as leasers. Had territorial areas of people with similar cultural backgrounds. Also were the conquest states. Ex. Ghana, Mali, Songhay.	155
126641642	Mali	empire centered between Sengel and Nigel Rivers. Creation of Manlinke people. Old forms of kingship were reinforced by Islam. Rulers built mosques, attended prayers, and supported preachers to help out Islam. Economic base was agriculture.	156
126641643	Juula	manlinke merchants within the Mali empire that formed small partnerships and groups to carry out trade.	157
126641644	Sundiata	Brilliant leader whose exploits were celebrated in an oral tradition. Created the beginning of the Mali Empire	158
126641645	Timbuktu	port city located off a flood plain in the great bend of the Niger River. Had populations of 50,000 near the 14th century. Had Sankore mosque and library for scholars, jurists, and Muslim theologians to study. Book trade most lucrative business.	159
126641646	Songhay	Dominated Middle areas of the Niger Valley. Made up of "masters of the soil" (farmers) and "masters of the water" (fishermen). Began to form as independent kingdom with capital at Gao on Niger River	160
126641647	Muhammad the Great	extended boundaries of Songhay Empire; Islamic ruler of mid 16th century.	161
126641648	Sharia	Arab word for Islamic law	162
126641649	Nok	had culture featuring highly developed art style flourishing between 500 B.C.E. and 200 C.E.; located in forests of central Nigeria.	163
126641650	Yoruba States	city states developed in Northern Nigeria c. 1200 C.E. Ile-Ife featured artistic style possibly related to earlier Nok culture. Agricultural societies supported by peasantry and dominated by ruling family and aristocracy	164
126641651	Benin	city state formed in 14th century. Control extended from the Niger River coast to the coast near modern Lagos. City of great populations and broad avenues.	165
126641652	Kongo	kingdom based on agriculture; formed on lower Congo River by the late 15th century. Capital at Mbanza Kongo; ruled by hereditary monarchy.	166
126641653	Great Zimbabwe	had religious importance; associated with the bird of God. Now found on ruins of the Great Zimbabwe. Served as a link between the world and spirits.	167
126641654	Hagia Sophia	domed church built in Constantinople during Justinian's reign. Wonder of the Christian world.	168
126641655	Belisarius	important military commander of Justinian during the reconquest of western Europe. Commanded in North Africa and Italy	169
126641656	Greek Fire	Byzantine weapon made up of a mixture of chemicals that ignited with water contact. Utilized to drive back Arab fleets that were attacking Constantinople.	170
126641657	Rurik	Native of Denmark; first prince named under Kievan Rus'. Landed aristocrats to the new monarchy.	171
126641658	Basil II	known as Bulgaroktonos (slayer of the Bulgarians). Bribed Bulgarian nobles and generals and defeated the Bulgarian army in 1014.	172
126641659	Bulgaria	Slavic kingdom established in northern portions of the Balkan peninsula. Constant source of pressure on the Byzantine Empire. Defeated in 1014 by Basil II	173
126641660	Cyril and Methodius	missionaries sent to modern Czech and Slovak Republics. Failed at first; invented script language known as Cyrillic. Converted South Russia and the Balkans to Orthodox Christianity.	174
126641661	Kievan Rus'	Monarchy that marked the beginning of Russia. Spoke old East Slavic and followed Orthodox Christianity. Founded by Ease Slavic tribes and Scandinavian traders.	175
126641662	Kiev	Trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century. Focal point of the Kingdom of Russia. Flourished into the 12th century.	176
126641663	Vladimir I	descendent of Rurik; converted to Christianity on behalf of all his people.	177
126641664	Russian Orthodox	Russian form of Christianity from Byzantine Empire and combined with local religion. The king controlled major appointments.	178
126641665	Yaroslav	last of great Kievan monarchs; issued legal codification based on formal codes developed in Byzantium.	179
126641666	Boyars	name for Russian aristocrats. Had less political power than their counterparts in western Europe.	180
126641667	Tatars	Name is Russian tradition for feared or despised invaders. They controlled most of Russia for over two centuries.	181