AP World History-Unit 2 Flashcards

215354580	polygamy	the practice of having more than one wife at a time	0
215354581	Hopewell culture	Native American society that flourished from about 200 BC until 400 CE, noted for large burial mounds and manufacturing on a large scale	1
215354582	El Nino	periodic changes in water teperature at the surfaceof the Pacific Ocean that can lead to environmental changes. May have led to the collapse of the Moche civilization in modern Peru	2
215354583	Amerindians	the earliest inhabitants of the Americas, theories suggest they migrated from Siberia across the Bering Land Bridge or by sea from regions of the South Pacific	3
215354584	quipu	an Inca record-keeping system that used knotted strings rather than writing	4
215354585	chinampas	in Mesoamerica, artificial islands crisscrossed by canals that provided water for crops and easy transportation to local markets	5
215354586	calpulli	in Aztec society, a kinship group, often of one thousand or more that served as an intermediary with the central government. Each provided taxes and conscript labor to the state	6
220173948	Hadith	a collection of the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, used to supplement the revelations contained in the Qur'an	7
220173949	imam	an Islamic religious leader. Some traditions say there is only one per generation; others use the term more broadly.	8
220173950	jihad	in Islam means "striving in the way of the Lord." From the practice of conducting raids against local neighbors to the conduct of "holy war" against unbelievers.	9
220173951	majlis	a council of elders among the Bedouins of the Roman era	10
220173952	mihrab	the niche in a mosque's wall that indicates the direction of Mecca, usually containing an ornately decorated panel representing Allah.	11
220173953	muezzin	the man who calls Muslims to prayer at the appointed times	12
220173954	Shari'a	a law code originally drawn up by Muslim scholars shortly after the death of Muhammad. Provides believers with a set of prescriptions to regulate their daily lives.	13
220173955	sheikh	origionally was the ruler of a Bedouin tribe	14
220173956	ulama	a convocation of leading Muslim scholars drew up a law code (the Shari'a) based largely on the Qur'an and the sayings of the Prophet, to provide believers with a set of prescriptions to regulate their daily lives.	15
220173957	umma	the Muslim community as a whole	16
220173958	vizier (or vezir)	the prime minister in the Abbasid caliphate and elsewhere. Basically a chief executive	17
220173959	Bedouins	nomadic tribes originally from northern Arabia who became important traders after the domestication of the camel. Early converts to Islam, their values and practices deeply affected Muhammad.	18
220173960	Caliph	the secular leader of the Islamic community	19
220173961	Crusade	in the Middle Ages; a military campaign in defense of Christendom	20
220173962	Emir	"commander" in Arabic; title used by Muslim rulers in southern Spain and elsewhere	21
220173963	Five Pillars of Islam	the core requirements of the faith, observation of which would lead to paradise. Belief in Allah and his prophet; prescribed prayers; observation of Ramadan; pilgrimage to Mecca; and giving alms to the poor	22
220173964	Hegira	the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622, which marks the first date on the official calendar of Islam	23
220173965	Ramadan	the holy month of Islam. Believers fast from dawn to sunset; because the Islamic calendar is lunar, Ramadan migrates through the seasons	24
220173966	Shi'ite	the second largest tradition of Islam. It split from the majority Sunni soon after Muhammad's death because of a disagreement over his succession	25
220173967	Sufism	a mystical school of Islam. It's noted for its music, dance, and poetry. Became prominent in about the 13th century	26
220173968	Sunni	the largest tradition of Islam from which the Shi'ites split from after Muhammad's death due to their disagreement over who should succeed him.	27
234342691	bard	in Africa, a professional storyteller.	28
234342692	Berbers	an ethnic group indigenous to western North Africa	29
234342693	coptic	a form of Christianity that has thrived in Ethiopia since the 300s CE.	30
234342694	lineage group	the descendants of a common ancestor; relatives	31
234342695	matrilinear	passing through the female line - for example, from a father to his sister's son - as practiced in some African societies	32
234342696	Nok culture	in northern Nigeria, one of the most active iron working societies in Africa	33
234342697	pantheism	a doctrine that equates God with the universe and all that is in it	34
234342698	patrilinear	passing through the male line, from father to son	35
234342699	stateless societies	the pre-Columbian communities in much of the Americas who developed substantial cultures without formal nation-states	36
234342700	Swahili	a mixed African-Arabian culture that developed by the 12th century along the east coast of Africa	37
234342701	bhakti	devotion as a means of religious observance in Hinduism, open to all persons regardless of class	38
234342702	purdah	the Indian term for the practice among Muslims and some Hindus of isolating and preventing them from associating with men outside the home	39
234342703	bodhisattva	in some schools of Buddhism, an individual who has achieved enlightenment but, because of his great compassion, has chosen to renounce Nirvana and to remain on earth in spirit form to help all human beings achieve release from reincarnation	40
234342704	Mahayana	a school of Buddhism that promotes the idea of universal salvation through the intercession of bodhisattvas	41
234342705	Theravada	a school of Buddhism that stresses personal behavior and the quest for understanding as a means of release from the wheel of life rather than the intercession of bodhisattvas	42
234342706	Chan Buddhism	a Chinese sect influenced by Daoist ideas, called for mind training and strict regimen as means of seeking enlightenment	43
234342707	foot binding	an extremely painful process, common in China throughout the 2nd millenium CE that compressed girls' feet to half their natural size, representing submissiveness and self-discipline, necessary attributes of an ideal wife	44
234342708	Grand Council	the top of the government hierarchy in the Song dynasty in China	45
234342709	khanates	Mongol kingdoms, the subdivisions of Genghis Khan's empire ruled by his heirs	46
234342710	Manichaeanism	an off shoot of the ancient Zorastrian religion, influenced by Christianity. Became popular in the 8th century CE	47
234342711	Neo-Confucianism	the dominant ideology of China during the 2nd millennium CE. Combined the metaphysical speculations of Buddhism and Daoism with the pragmatic Confucian approach to society, maintaining that the world is real, not illusory, and that fulfillment comes from participation, not withdrawal. Encouraged an intellectual environment that valued continuity over change and tradition over innovation	48
234342712	Pure Land	a Buddhist sect, originally Chinese but later populate in Japan, that taught that devotion alone could lead to enlightenment and release	49
234342713	scholar-gentry	in Song dynasty China. candidates who passed the civil service examinations and whose families were non-aristocratic land owners	50
234342714	School of Mind	a philosophy espoused by Wang Yangming during the mid-Ming era of China, argued that mind and the universe were a single unit and knowledge was therefore obtained through internal self-searching rather than through investigation of the outside world	51
234342715	Supreme Ultimate	according to Neo-Confucianists, a transcendent world distinct from the material world in which humans live but to which humans may aspire	52
234342716	Tantrism	a mystical Buddhist sect that emphasized the importance of magical symbols and ritual in seeking a path to enlightenment	53
234342717	White Lotus	a Chinese Buddhist sect founded in 1133 CE that sought political reform	54
234342718	bakufu	the centralized government set up in Japan in the 12th century	55
234342719	eta	in feudal Japan, a class of hereditary slaves who were responsible for what were considered degrading occupations like curing leather and burying the dead	56
234342720	genin	landless laborers in feudal Japan who were effectively slaves	57
234342721	Kami	spirits worshipped in early Japan that resided in trees, rivers, and streams	58
234342722	satori	enlightenment in the Japanese Buddhist tradition	59
234342723	uji	a clan in early Japanese tribal society	60
234342724	Bonsai	the cultivation of stunted trees and shrubs to create exquisite nature scenes in miniature. Originating in China in the first millennium BC	61
234342725	Bushido	the code of conduct observed by samurai warriors, similar too the European concept of chivalry	62
234342726	Daimyo	prominent Japanese families who provided allegiance to the local shogun in exchange for protection, similar to vassals in Europe	63
234342727	Shinto	a kind of state religion on Japan, derived from beliefs in nature spirits and linked with belief in the divinity of the emperor and the sacredness of the Japanese nation	64
234342728	Shogun	a powerful Japanese leader who ruled under the titular authority of the emperor	65
234342729	shogunate system	the system of government in Japan in which the emperor exercised only titular authority while the shogun exercised actual political power	66
234342730	Taika	reforms the 7th century "great change" reforms that established the centralized Japanese state	67
234342731	Zen	a school of Buddhism particularly important in Japan, some of whose adherents stress that enlightenment (satori) can be achieved suddenly, though others emphasize lengthy meditation	68