Chapter 10 Reading Guide Flashcards

53115940	Monorialism	obligations and allegiances; system of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; exchanged labor for access to land; originated in the late Roman Empire	0
53115941	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages; largest population; lived on self-sufficient agricultural estates; received protection from landlords in exchange for a portion of their crops; lack of equipment led to low amount of goods produced	1
53115942	Three-Field system	system of agricultural cultivation by the 9th century in western Europe; included one third in spring, grains, one third fallow	2
53115943	Clovis	Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity c.496; allowed establishment of Frankish Kingdom; led the way for papal authority and the spread of Christianity	3
53115944	Carolingians	royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century	4
53115945	Charles Martel	Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in Battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat in western Europe; confined Muslims to Spain (preserved Europe for Christianity)	5
53115946	Charlemagne	Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany; restored church-based education; intellectual activity restored	6
53115947	Holy Roman Emperors	emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c.10th century; failed to develope centrailized monarchy in Germany	7
53115948	Feudalism	the social organization created by exchanging grants of land in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service; typical of Zhou dynasty and European Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords in return for military service	8
53115949	Vassals	members of the military elite who recieved land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	9
53115950	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended thight feudal system to England; established administrative system to England based on sheriffs; established centrailized monarchy	10
53115951	Magna Carta	Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy	11
53115952	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France	12
53115953	Hundred Years' War	conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states	13
53115954	Urban II	called first crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assult to free the Holy Land from the Muslims	14
53115955	Gregory VII	Pope during the 11th century who attempted to free church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture; excommunicated emperor	15
53115956	Investiture	practice of state appointment of bishops; pope Gregory VII attempted to ban practice of lay investiture; leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	16
53115957	Peter Abelard	author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logice to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine	17
53115958	Bernard of Clairvaux	Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from universities	18
53115959	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	19
53115960	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	20
53115961	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls	21
53115962	Hanseatic League	An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	22
53115963	Guilds	Sworn associates of people in the same business or trade in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guarenteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities	23
53115964	Black Death	plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure	24
53115965	Middle Ages	the period in western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th century	25
53115966	496	the year when Frankish warrior cheiftan Clovis converts to Christianity	26
53115967	732	the year of the defeat of Muslims at Battle of Tours	27
53115968	1215	the year when King John of England forced to sign Magna Carta	28
53115969	Moors/Moops	Muslims in Spain, France, and England	29