chapter 3: Classical Civilization in India Flashcards
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| 227509598 | open to influence from the middle east and Meditteranean | geography keeps India connected to other countries | 0 | |
| 227509599 | Alexander the great | Persian leader, invades India, increased Hellenistic influence in India | 1 | |
| 227509600 | Himalayan mountains | make political unity difficult. creates diversity. promotes herding economy in the North | 2 | |
| 227509601 | two agricultural regions | Indus river valley and Ganges river valley | 3 | |
| 227509602 | trading and seafaring economy along sea coast and Deccan Plateau | economic differences. racial and linguistic differences | 4 | |
| 227509603 | semi tropical climate | temperatures reaching 120 F. monsoons (torrential downpours along sea coasts) that were critical for farming, but they were inconsistent. | 5 | |
| 227509604 | formative period | "Vedic" or "epic'" ages. immigration of Aryans | 6 | |
| 227509605 | Aryans | Indo-European nomads. Sanskrit. Vedas | 7 | |
| 227509606 | Sanskrit | first literary language of Aryan culture in India | 8 | |
| 227509607 | Vedas | "knowledge"; sacred texts of the Aryans. Mahabharata-India's greatest epic poem; story of both real and mythical battles; Upanishads= epic poems of religion and mysticism | 9 | |
| 227509608 | villlages became political units | village cheif= organizes defense regulates property holdings (aristocratic) raja | 10 | |
| 227509609 | heavy patriarchal family structure | close knit extended families | 11 | |
| 227509610 | formation of the "caste" system | Varnas- social classes emphasizing class difference. social classes become hereditary. intermarriage between classes- punishable by death. | 12 | |
| 227509611 | Kshatriyas | warrior class (1st class but then 2nd) | 13 | |
| 227509612 | Brahmins | priestly class (2nd class but then 1st) | 14 | |
| 227509613 | vaisyas | traders, farmers and artisans | 15 | |
| 227509614 | sudras | common laborers | 16 | |
| 227509615 | dalits | "untouchables" relegated to jobs of inferiority, contact with a dalit = impurity | 17 | |
| 227509616 | polytheistic religion | (but not really). spirituality of nature- Brahman. afterlife-Moksha. belief in unifying divine force. spawns buddhism. Ganesha, indra,{( vishnu, shiva), Brahma} are some of the gods | 18 | |
| 227509617 | end of formative and beginning of classical | growth of political units, further development of sanskrit, increased trade | 19 | |
| 227509618 | powerful political regional-states exist | dominated by priests and warriors. constant warfare. | 20 | |
| 227509619 | Chandragupta Maurya seizes power in Ganges region | becomes first leader of Mauryan Dynasty. develops large and powerful army. unifies much of Indian subcontinent. government bureaucracy (national postal system) | 21 | |
| 227509620 | Ashoka Maurya | grandson of Chandragupta. conquers southern tip of India. converts to Buddhism seeking dharma (teachings of obligations of life and chaste; hopes to be unifying influence) increases and improves roads throughout empire. creates "rest stops" increases trade and spreads religion. rise of regional kingdoms after Ashoka's death | 22 | |
| 227509621 | kushans | invade from northwest; rule for ten years | 23 | |
| 227509622 | Gupta Empire is established | political stability through diplomacy. overturned in 535ce by Huns. | 24 | |
| 227509623 | political institutions | diversity and regionalism. Gupta Empire. importance of local/ village political units | 25 | |
| 227509624 | Gupta Empire | consolidate support through divine rule. demanding system of taxation. allowed local ruler to govern under gupta name. promoted sanscrit, permittedregional linguistic differences. uniform law codes. established universities for higher education(at Nalanda) | 26 | |
| 227509625 | importance of local/ village political units | importance of caste rules and restrictions- loyalty to caste over state. | 27 | |
| 227509626 | Hinduism | India's majority religion. originated during Vedic ages (no single founder, no central holy figure). encourages ritualism and ceremony, mysticism, political adn economic goals, worldly pleasures. kama- "worldly pleasures" karma- "action" "deed"(law of moral consequence/ responsibility). Dharma-ethical duty based on divine order of reality, dharma determines karma. tolerant of other religiong. gradual transformation from worldly to spiritual religion (gods if nature replaced by gods of morals and ideals. gods of nature-gods of gentleness and generosity and god of sky becomes god of right and wrong) | 28 | |
| 227509627 | gurus | mystic leaders within Hindu religion | 29 | |
| 227509628 | Brahman (atman) | divine principle within everything worldly | 30 | |
| 227509629 | reincarnation | souls do not die, but pass onto other life forms. based upon previous lives . full union with the brahma is reached after many lifetimes (end of all human suffering) | 31 | |
| 227509630 | yoga | "union"; allowing mind freedom to concentrate on divine spirit | 32 | |
| 227509631 | obligations of life | serving the family; producing a livelihood; earning money; and serving in the military when necessary "honorable action" | 33 | |
| 227509632 | Ahisma | don't harm living things on purpose or for fun, respect all living things. | 34 | |
| 227509633 | Buddha | enilightened one. siddartha gautama | 35 | |
| 227509634 | buddhism and hinduism | hindu mystic, accepted spiritual truths of Hinduism; rejected worldly concepts ( particularly the concept) | 36 | |
| 227509635 | material world | share that warps humans causing pains. attachment=bad | 37 | |
| 227509636 | salvation | through destruction of worldly self | 38 | |
| 227509637 | nivana | world beyond existence and void of suffering | 39 | |
| 227509638 | self control over ceremony | embraces all member of society. completely rejects caste system | 40 | |
| 227509639 | dharma | teachings of Buddha | 41 | |
| 227509640 | focal points | meditation. "the middle way" reject extremes. eight-fold noble path (right view, right intentions, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right mindfulness). doctrine of "no self" | 42 | |
| 227509641 | faced strong opposition within India | rejected by upper castes, rejected by Gupta leaders | 43 | |
| 227509642 | Spreads through China, Sri Lanka, Korea and Japan | success in small areas of Northern India | 44 | |
| 227509643 | rich cultural traditions | myths and folklore (sinbad the sailor, Jack the giant killer etc) | 45 | |
| 227509644 | advanced in science and mathematics | university of higher learning in Nalanda 9 religion, philosophy, medicine, architecture and agriculture.) theory of gravity. rotations of earth and planets. "zero". | 46 | |
| 227509645 | medicine | bone setting and plastic surgery. standards of cleanliness and ethics. sterilization and vaccination (small pox) | 47 | |
| 227509646 | the caste system | few rights for women (debated whether women could move up to another caste unless reincarnated as a man firstand lower castes. strongly patriarchal | 48 | |
| 227509647 | arranged marriages | economic links (dowries) | 49 | |
| 227509648 | technological advancement | chemistry, steel and iron production, textile. despite advancements in technology remained an agricultural society | 50 | |
| 227509649 | artisan guilds | calico, cotton cloth, cashmere | 51 | |
| 227509650 | indian influence | culture dominated indian ocean region. trade with china, middle east, africa and east indies. spread of buddhism throughout asia and southeast asia | 52 | |
| 227509651 | china and india | buddhism, reliance on large peasent farming class, strongly partiarchal, expansion by economics (india) versus expansion by politics (China). imitation and modification. | 53 |