AP World History: Period 3 Flashcards

251973513	Ibn Khaldun	Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. (336)	0
251973514	Nasir-al-Din Tusi	Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system.	1
251973515	Alexander Nevskii	Prince of Novgorod (r. 1236-1263). He submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde.	2
251973516	Tsar	a male monarch or emperor (especially of Russia prior to 1917)	3
251973517	Ottomans	Turks who had come to Anatolia in the same wave of migrations as the Seljuks.	4
251973518	Mamluks	Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)	5
251973519	Ibn Battuta	Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.	6
251973520	Delhi Sultanate	Region of India controlled by Muslims 1206-1520	7
251973521	Mali	a landlocked republic in northwestern Africa	8
251973522	Mansa Kankan Musa	Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.	9
251973523	Gujarat	Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing; the inhabitants are called Gujarati.	10
251973524	Dhow	Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull used by the Arabs.	11
251973525	Swahili Coast	East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning 'shores.'	12
251973526	Great Zimbabwe	City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.	13
251973527	Aden	Port city in the modern south Arabian country of Yemen. It has been a major trading center in the Indian Ocean since ancient times.	14
251973528	Malacca	Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka.	15
251973529	Urdu	the official literary language of Pakistan, closely related to Hindi	16
251973530	Timbuktu	City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.	17
251973531	Latin West	Historians' name for the territories of Europe that adhered to the Latin rite of Christianity and used the Latin language for intellectual exchange in the period ca. 1000-1500.	18
251973532	Three-field system	a system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farm land was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left unplanted.	19
251973533	Black Death	the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe	20
251973534	Water wheel	A mechanism that harnesses the energy in flowing water to grind grain or to power machinery. It was used in many parts of the world but was especially common in Europe from 1200 to 1900.	21
251973535	Hanseatic League	An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.	22
251973536	Guild	A medieval organization of crafts workers or trades people.	23
251973537	Gothic Cathedrals	Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows.	24
251973538	European Renaissance	The era was marked by a revival of the art, architecture, thought, and culture of ancient Greece and Rome.	25
251973539	Scholasticism	the system of philosophy dominant in medieval Europe	26
251973540	Humanists (Renaissance)	European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later.	27
251973541	Printing Press	invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; first book was Gutenberg Bible; changed private and public lives of Europeans; used for war declarations, battle accounts, treaties, propaganda; laid basis for formation of distinct political parties; enhanced literacy, people sought books on all subjects	28
251973542	Great Western Schism	A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon.	29
251973543	Hundred Years War	Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.	30
251973544	New Monarchies	Historians' term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain from 1450 to 1600. The centralization of royal power was increasing within more or less fixed territorial limits.	31
251973545	Reconquest of Iberia	Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.	32
252032157	Silk Road	An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay. (Caravan Route)	33
252032158	Indian Ocean Maritime System	In premodern times, a network of seaports, trade routes, and maritime culture linking countries on the rim of the Indian Ocean from Africa to Indonesia. (p. 207)	34
252032159	trans-Saharan caravan routes	Trading network linking North Africa with sub-Saharan Africa across the Sahara. (p. 210)	35
252032160	sub-Sahara Africa	Portion of the African continent lying south of the Sahara. (p. 216)	36
252032161	Steppes	Treeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses of northern Eurasia, which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass. They are good lands for nomads and their herds. Good for breeding horses: essential to Mongol military.	37
252032162	Savanna	grassland with scattered trees; found in tropical regions of Africa, Australia, and South America	38
252032163	Great Traditions	historians term for a literate, well-institutionalized complex of religiouis and socila beliefs and practices adhered to by diverse societies over a broad geographical area	39
252032164	Small Traditions	Historians' term for a localized, usually non-literate, set of customs and beliefs adhered to by a single society, often in conjunction with a "great tradition"	40
252032165	Bantu	a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent	41
252032166	Armenia	One of the earliest Christian kingdoms, situated in eastern Anatolia and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language. (p. 221)	42
252032167	Ethiopia	East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River.	43
252032168	Sahel	a strip of dry grasslands on the southern border of the Sahara; also known as "the shore of the desert"	44
252032169	Ghana	a republic in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea. First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Once know as the Gold Coast	45
252032170	Grand Canal	The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.	46
252032171	Tang Empire	Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an. (p. 277)	47
252032172	Tributary System	A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China. (279)	48
252032173	Bubonic Plague	A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. High mortality rate and hard to contain. Disastrous. (280)	49
252032174	Uigurs	A group of Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744 to 840 in Mongolia and Central Asia. (p. 284)	50
252032175	Junk	A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel. (p. 288)	51
252032176	Zen	The Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based on highly disciplined meditation. It is known in Sanskrit as dhyana, in Chinese as chan, and in Korean as son. (p. 289)	52
252032177	Shamanism	The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia. (p. 292)	53
252032178	Koryo	Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259. (p. 292)	54
252032179	Moveable Type	This was used for printing, and meant that individual letters and words could be moved around to create a page of type. It was an invention of the Renaissance (gold-smiths and paper-makers working together) and helped the spread of humanism over the Alps as it meant that printing was much easier, cheaper, and more efficient. It also led to the famous printing of vernacular Bibles in 1450 by Gutenberg.	55
252032180	Kamakura Shogunate	The first of Japan's decentralized military governments. (1185-1333). (p. 294)	56
252032181	Genghis Khan	The title of Temujin when he ruled the Mongols. It means "oceanic" or universal leader. Genghis Khan was the founder of the Mongol Empire.	57
252032182	Mongols	A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325)	58
252032183	Nomadism	A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water. (p. 326)	59
252032184	Il-Khan	A 'secondary' or 'peripheral' khan based in Persia. The Il-khans' khanate was founded by H?leg?, a grandson of Genghis Khan, was based at Tabriz in modern Azerbaijan. It controlled much of Iran and Iraq. (p. 333)	60
252032185	Golden Horde	Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde. (p. 333)	61
252032186	Tax Farming	A government's use of private collectors to collect taxes. Individuals or corporations contract with the government to collect a fixed amount for the government and are permitted to keep as profit everything they collect over that amount. (p. 334)	62
252032187	Timur	Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire. (336)	63
252032188	Ibn Khaldun	Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. (336)	64
252032189	Nasir-al-Din Tusi	Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system. (p. 337)	65