DSHS AP Islam Quiz Flashcards

222804546	bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats.	0
222804547	shaykhs	leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children.	1
222804548	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam.	2
222804549	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar.	3
222804550	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty.	4
222804551	Ka'ba	revered pre-Islamic shrine in Mecca; incorporated into Muslim worship.	5
222804552	Quran	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam.	6
222804553	umma	community of the faithful within Islam.	7
222804554	zakat	tax for charity obligatory for all Muslims.	8
222804555	five pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).	9
222804556	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community.	10
222804557	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph.	11
222804558	Ridda	wars following Muhammad's death; the defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored the unity of Islam.	12
222804559	jihad	Islamic holy war.	13
222804560	Siffin	battle fought in 657 between Ali and the Umayyads; led to negotiations that fragmented Ali's party.	14
222804561	Mu'awiya	first Umayyad caliph; his capital was Damascus.	15
222804562	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads.	16
222804563	Shi'i	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam.	17
222804564	Karbala	site of the defeat and death of Husayn, the son of Ali.	18
222804565	mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam.	19
222804566	jizya	head tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands.	20
222804567	dhimmis	"the people of the book", Jews, Christians;, later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus.	21
222804568	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad.	22
222804569	Uthman	third caliph; his assassination set off a civil war within Islam between the Umayyads and Ali.	23
222804570	wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids	24
222804571	ayan	the wealthy landed elite that emerged under the Abbasids	25
222804572	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	26