AP WORLD CHAPTER 11 CROSS-CULTURAL EXCHANGE ON THE SILK ROADS Flashcards

223658850	Bactria	The ancient region stretching from the Hindu Kush mountain range to the ancient Ganhara region of the Indian subcontinent.	0
223658851	Barracks Emperors	Series of Roman generals who seized the throne between 235 and 284 C.E.	1
223658852	Bubonic Plague	Epidemic that swept Eurasia, causing devastating population loss and disruption. Known as the Black Death in Europe after 1350 C.E.	2
223658853	Buddhism	Religion, based on Four Noble Truths, associated with Siddhartha Gautama (563--483 B.C.E.), or the Buddha; its adherents desired to eliminate all distracting passion and reach nirvana.	3
223658854	Byzantine	-lasting empire centered at Constantinople; it grew out of the end of the Roman empire and carried legacy of Roman greatness and was the only classical society to survive into the early modern age; it reached its early peak during the reign of Justinian (483--565).	4
223658855	Christianity	Religion emerging from Middle East in the first century C.E. holding Jesus to be the son of God who sacrificed himself on behalf of mankind.	5
223658856	Confucianism	Philosophy, based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Kong Fuzi (551-479 B.C.E.), or Confucius, that emphasizes order, the role of the gentleman, obligation to society, and reciprocity.	6
223658857	Edict of Milan	Emperor Constantine's 313 C.E. that Christianity was a legitimate religion.	7
223658858	Han Dynasty	Chinese dynasty that ruled an expanding empire with a large bureaucracy based upon Legalist and Confucian values. The empire taxed agriculture and trade and raised large armies to colonize Vietnam, Korea, and the Xiongnu territory.	8
223658859	Hellenistic Era	Second phase in Greek history (328-146 B.C.E.), from the conquest of Greece by Philip of Macedon until Greece's fall to the Romans; this era was a more cosmopolitan age facilitated by the conquests of Alexander the Great.	9
223658860	Hinduism	Main religion of India, a combination of Dravidian and Aryan concepts; Hinduism's goal is to reach spiritual purity and union with the great world spirit; its important concepts include dharma, karma, and samsara.	10
223658861	Karakorum	Capital of the Mongol empire.	11
223658862	Manichaeism	Religion founded by the prophet Mani in the third century C.E., a syncretic version of Zoroastrian, Christian, and Buddhist elements.	12
223658863	Mesopotamia	Term meaning "between the rivers," in this case the Tigris and Euphrates; Sumer and Akkad are two of the earliest societies.	13
223658864	Monotheism	in only one god, a rare concept in the ancient world.	14
223658865	Nestorian	Early branch of Christianity, named after the fifth-century Greek theologian Nestorius, that emphasized the human nature of Jesus Christ.	15
223658866	Ptolemaic	Term used to signify both the Egyptian kingdom founded by Alexander the Great's general Ptolemy and the thought of the philosopher Ptolemy of Alexandria (second century C.E.), who used mathematical formulas in an attempt to prove Aristotle's geocentric theory of the universe.	16
223658867	Sasanids	Later powerful Persian dynasty (224-651) that would reach its peak under Shapur I and later fall to Arabic expansion.	17
223658868	Silk roads	Ancient trade routes that extended from the Roman empire in the west to China in the east.	18
223658869	Zen Buddhism	Japanese version of Chinese Chan Buddhism, with an emphasis on intuition and sudden flashes of insight instead of textual study.	19
223658870	Zoroastrianism	Persian religion based on the teaching of the sixth-century-B.C.E. prophet Zarathustra; its emphasis on the duality of good and evil and on the role of individuals in determining their own fate would influence later religions.	20
223658871	Zhang Qian	Leader of an expedition to travel westward to meet with other leaders in order to defeat the Xiongnu. Brought back exotic animals, plants, and information 12 years later.	21
223658872	Xiongnu	A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century.	22
223658873	Berenice	the most important port on the Red Sea, constructed by the Ptolemies	23
223658874	Alexandria	City in Egypt founded by Alexander the Great, center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization	24
223658875	monsoon winds	Annual cycle of dryness and wetness with seasonally shifting winds produced by changing atmospheric pressure system. Affects India, southeast Asia, Indonesia, Northern Australia. Seasonal wind reverals caused by the differential heating of the land masses and water bodies.	25
223658876	India -> Hellenistic	spice, pepper, cosmetics, gems, peals by caravan	26
223658877	India -> Mediterranean	slaves, kidnapping victims or prisoners of war	27
223658878	Persia & Egypt -> Mediterranean	grain (feed population)	28
223658879	Mediterranean	wine, oil, jewelry, art	29
223658880	Port of Rhapta	a commercial commercial center on E. African coast; exporting ivory, rhinoceros, horn, and tortoise shell. Importing: Glass, wine, grain, and metal goods for use as weapons and tools.	30
223658881	raja	prince who ruled each indian city-state, acting as military leader, chief priest, lawmaker, and a judge.	31
223658882	Gregory the Wonderworker	a tireless missionary with a reputation for performing miracles, who popularized Christianity in central Anatolia during the mid third century C.E.	32
223658883	Mani	Believed he was the founder of a new faith stemming from Christianity that also held some Zoroastrian beliefs. Believed that the word was corrupt, and so was the body, and thus practiced celibacy like the rest of the Gnostics. He was killed in Persia for his religious beliefs while in prison.	33
223658884	The Elect	Devout Manichaeans, who abstained from marriage and sexual relations and who devoted their lives to prayer and fasting	34
223658885	hearers	were less devout Manichaeans and they led more conventional lives, but they folowed a strict moral code and provided food and gifts to sustain the elect	35
223658886	Marcus Aurelius	last emperor of the Pax Romana and died 180 CE due to epidemic disease that broke out in Mediterranean basin	36
223658887	Wang Mang	Han Dynasty official who tried to redistribute land but failed to survive 99-23 CE	37
223658888	Sinicization	Nomads adapted to Chinese environment by taking up agriculture and permanent settlement, marrying Chines spouse, taking Chines name, wearing cloth and ate like Chinese, and seeking Chinese education	38
223658889	Emperor Diocletian	Try to stop issue of the unmanageable empire after the epidemic by dividing the empire into two administrative districts and co-emperor ruled with aid of powerful lieutenants and four officials 'tetrahs'	39
223658890	tetrarchy	Rule by four; the system of government established by Diocletian in which the Roman Empire was divided into two parts, each ruled by an "Augustus" assisted by a "Caesar."	40
223658891	Constantine	Roman Emperor (4th century A.D.) who promoted tolerance to all religions in the Roman Empire and legalized Christianity	41
223658892	Valerian	ruled Roman empire 253-260AD, attempts to battle Sassania and is captured in 259, captured by Shapur I, served as king's foot stool befor ehe was killed in 260	42
223658893	Germanic people	displaced by huns and inspired to make advances on Rome by making successful attacks on Rome. these people eventually moved west into western Europe to establish kingdoms that would later become European countries.	43
223658894	Visigoth	tribe of German barbarians who were allowed into Rome under the agreement of peace for food and land. When Rome did not deliver, the revolted and established a kingdom in Spain	44
223658895	Theodosius	Emperor of the Roman Empire who made Christianity the official religion of the empire.	45
223658896	St. Augustine	Bishop of Hippo, North African city, writings influenced Christianity with Platonism	46
223658897	bishop	A church official who leads a large group of Christians in a particular region	47
223658898	Hierarchy of church official	bishop of Rome, patriarchs of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople	48
223658899	pope	the head of the Roman Catholic Church "father"	49