Chapter 51: Animal Behavior

	Certain behavioral characteristics exist because they are expressions of genes that have been perpetuated by natural selection.
	A system of info transfer through social learning or teaching that influences the behavior of individuals in a population.
	Type of learning through observing others.
	Altruism toward someone who is not related. (The golden rule!!.)
	The study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior
	A sequence of unlearned behavior that is essentially unchangable, and once initiated, usually carried to completion.
	External cue that triggers a fixed action pattern.
	Chemical substances that animals emit.
	(associative learning) An arbitrary stimulus becomes associated with a particular outcome.
	(assiociative learning) An animal learns to associate one of its own behaviors with a reward or punishment and then tends to repeat or avoid that behavior.
	The process of knowing represented by awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgement.
	Environmental cues that trigger animals to change or orient both simple and complex movements in particular direction.
	A change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus.
	Oriented movement toward (positive axis) or away from (negative axis) some stimulus.
	A regular long-distance change in location.
	An internal mechanism that maintains a 24-hour activity rhythm or cycle.
	Behavioral rhythms linked to the yearly cycle of seasons.
	The cognitive activity of devising a method to proceed from one state to another in the face of real or apparent obstacles.
	Action carried out by muscles or glands.
	A stimulus transmitted from one animal to another.
	Researchers compare the behavior of identical twins raised apart with those raised in the same household.
	Behavior that is developmentally fixed.
	The modification of behavior on specific experiences.
	A loss of responsiveness to stimuli little or no new information.
	The formation at a specific stage of life of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object.
	(Critical period) A limited developmental phase when certain behaviors can be learned.
	Something to which the response will be directed.
	The establishment of a memory that reflects the environment's spatial structure.
	Location indicators.
	Why a behavior occurs in the context of natural selection.
	The natural selection that favors altruistic behavior by enhancing reproductive success of relatives.
	When the benefit to the recipient multiplied by the coefficient of relatedness exceeds the cost to the altruist.
	r, equals the fraction of genes that, on average, are shared.
	The total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and by providing aid to other close relatives to produce offspring.
	Selflessness. Reducing individual fitness, but increasing the fitness of other individuals in the population.
	Evaluates alternative strategies in situations where the outcome depends on the strategies of all the individuals involved.
	The transmission and reception of signals that constitute interaction.
	A gene that controls the entire male courtship ritual. (short for fruitless)
	The response to each stimulus is the stimulus for the next behavior.
	The flow of information to the visual system.
	A representation in the nervous system of the spacial relationships between objects in an animal's surroundings.
	The ability to associate one environmental feature with another.
	The scientific study of how animals behave. Particularly in their natural environments.
	The transmission and reception of signals in the form of specific molecules.
	How a behavior occurs or is modified.
	ex: Fly singing to potential mate.
	Touching...
	A ritualized contest that determines which competitor gains access to a resource such as food or a mate.
	Competition between members of one sex for mates.
	Members of one sex choose mates on the basis of particular characteristics of the other sex.
	A single female mates with several males. (Mwahahahaha)
	System involving a single male and several females.
	An individual of one sex mating with several of the other.
	One male mating with one female.
	no strong pair bonds or lasting relationships.
	Form of natural selection having to do with mates.
	Type of cost-benefit analysis
	Foraging gene.
	Food-obtaining behavior.
	A neurotransmitter released during mating that is critical for the partnering and parenting behavior of male voles.
	Form a strong attachment after mating.
	Aquiring nutrients for digestion, finding a sexual partner.
	Experiences, genetics, and the environment.
	The young of one species are placed in the care of adults from another species.