Ch 35. Plants
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ability to alter form in response to local environmental conditions. | ||
the branch of biology that deals with the structure of animals and plants; external form | ||
environmental factor | ||
It absorbs water and minerals below ground; depends on sugars from the shoot system | ||
absorb light and exchange gases to make sugars; relies on water and nutrients from root system | ||
Root food;imported from shoot system to feed roots | ||
vegetative growth is the growing of non-reproductive leaves, stems, and roots Reproductive growth (in angiosperms) bears flowers and reproductive structures | ||
stem leaves roots | ||
eudicots; gymnosperms | ||
storage of sugars and starches that the plant will consume once it flowers | ||
monocots | ||
adventitous is a term describing a plant organ growing in a unusual location; fibrous roots grow off of the stem | ||
they hold soil in place and prevent erosion | ||
root hairs are little extensions of a root epidermal cell; it increases the SA of roots and main function is absorption | ||
nodes and internodes | ||
points at which leaves are attatched | ||
segments between nodes | ||
can form a lateral shoot; usually dormant in young shoots; in the upper angle formed by each leaf and the stem | ||
elongation of a young shoot is concentrated at the shoot tip (apical bud) so it can reach the sun faster and increase its exposure to it | ||
shoot tip that aids in primary growth | ||
inhibition of axillary buds | ||
leaf | ||
stalk that joins leaf to the stem at a node | ||
the leaf basically bro..=/ | ||
Eudicot | ||
monocot | ||
to withstand strong winds with less tearing or if a pathogen attacks it'll only invade a single leaflet instead of spreading to the entire leaf | ||
Dermal Vascular and Ground | ||
Buttress Pnuematophores Prop Storage Strangling | ||
support tall trunks of tropical trees BIG ROOTS | ||
aka air roots (snorkel); produced by trees that inhabit tidal swamps which cannot obtain oxygen because of thick ugly mud EX. mangroves | ||
help support top heavy plants EX. maize | ||
Store food and water in their roots; EX. beets FAT ROOTS | ||
Parasitic; snake-like roots that gradually rap around a host tree | ||
rhizomes bulbs stolons tubers | ||
sideways plant! horizontal shoot grows right below the surface; vertical shoots emerge from axillary buds on rhizomes EX. iris | ||
vertical underground shoot; short stem produces huge modified leaves that store food EX. Onions | ||
horizontal shoot that grows along the surface; have runners EX. Strawberries | ||
enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons that store food EX. potato | ||
in non woody plants; protects plant from water loss and pathogens | ||
A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants. (prevents water loss) | ||
replaces epidermis in older regions of the plant; consists of the cork ant the cork cambium | ||
Tendrils Spines Storage Reproductive Bracts | ||
lasso leaves; lasso onto other plants for support | ||
pokey things; photosynthesis carried out by the stem | ||
store food and/ or water | ||
produce adventitious plantlets | ||
mistaken for petals; attract pollinators | ||
extensions of the epidermis; provide a physical barrier; secrete a sticky toxic chemical; reflect excess light; reduce water loss | ||
long distance transport of material between root and shoot system | ||
xylem and phloem | ||
xylem | ||
phloem | ||
vascular tissue of a root or stem | ||
False the Vascular cylinder is only in roots | ||
tissue that is neither vascular nor dermal; includes cells specialized for photosynthesis, storage, and support | ||
parenchyma cells | ||
collenchyma | ||
sclerenchyma | ||
strngthened by lignin and have HUGE secondary cell walls; are dead at functional maturity; mainly used to support; cannot elongate found in the older regions of a plant | ||
support young parts of the plant shoot; (collen the nurse cell); no lignin and no secondary wall; unevenly thickened primary wall;; elongate with stems and leaves; flexible | ||
perform most of the metabolic functions of the cell (photosynthesis) thin primary wall; some have secondary walls large central vacuole can divide and diffrentiate into other plant cells | ||
xylem | ||
phloem | ||
nucleus, vacuole, cytoskeleton, and ribosomes | ||
connected via plasmodesmata and they share their nucleus and ribosomes with w=the sieve tube elements | ||
intercalary meristems | ||
Parenchyma cells | ||
Endodermis | ||
outermost layer of vascular cylinder; gives rise to lateral roots | ||
Mesophyll | ||
spongy and palisade | ||
bundle sheath cells | ||
Growth in the width of a plant in the stem | ||
Cork cambium and Vascular cambium | ||
wood | ||
early wood has thin cell walls to maximize water delivery; springtime late wood has thicker cell walls to aid more in support than water delivery; summertime | ||
vascular rays; initials | ||
cambial initials tht divide; can increase the circumference pf the cambium | ||
Late wood | ||
Cork cells | ||
provide protection against water loss physical damage and pathogens | ||
cork cambium daughter cells | ||
parallel guard cells and allow gas exchange between living stem cells n air; more space between cork cells |