Bio Ch. 35 Plant Structure, Growth, and Development
Terms : Hide Images [1]
| a group of cells with a common function, structure, or both | ||
| consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular | ||
| absorbs water and minerals from the soil | ||
| consists of stems and leaves; creates sugars and other carbohydrates | ||
| a multicellular organ that anchors a vascular plant in the soil, absorbs minerals and water, and often stores carbohydrates | ||
| one main vertical root; develops from the embryonic root; givesrise to lateral roots; helps anchor the plant | ||
| also called branch roots; stores sugars and starches | ||
| plants have a vast number of these, they increase the surface area of the root enormously | ||
| an organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes | ||
| the point at which leaves are attached | ||
| the stem segments between nodes | ||
| the upper angle (axil) formed by each leaf and the stem, commonly called a branch | ||
| or terminal bud; a young shhot near the tip of the shoot, place where elongation occurs (growth) | ||
| the inhibition of axillary buds by an apical bud | ||
| is the main photosynthetic organ, vary greatly in form | ||
| flat part of the leaf | ||
| joins the leaf to the stem at the node | ||
| the vascular tissue of leaves | ||
| a functional unit connectin all of the plant's organs | ||
| is the plant's outer protective covering | ||
| a layer of tightly packed cells | ||
| a waxy coating on the epidermal surface, helps prevent water loss | ||
| replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots | ||
| carries out long distance transport of materials between the root and shoot system | ||
| conducts water and minerals upwards from roots into the shoots | ||
| transports sugars, usually from shoots to roots and sites of growth | ||
| the name for the vascular tissue of a root or stem | ||
| the tissue that are not part of dermal nor vascular are in this system | ||
| ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue | ||
| ground tissue that is external to th vascular tissue | ||
| have primary walls that are relatively thin and flexible and lack secondary walls. Performs most of the metabolic activity in the plant | ||
| help support young parts of the plant shoot; have thicker primary cell walls; elongate with the stems and leaves which they support | ||
| help in support, secondary cell walls have lignin, cannot elongate and are more rigid | ||
| are shorter than fibers, are irregular in shape, and have very thick, lignified secondary cell walls; Eg. provide hardness to nutshells and seed coats and the gritty texture to pear fruits | ||
| usually arranged in threads, such as hemp fibers for making rope and flax fibers for weaving into linen | ||
| are found in the xylem, are long, thin cells with tapered ends; when these disintegrate, they form a nonliving conduit with pits through which water can flow | ||
| most angiosperms have these, are generally wide, short, thinner walled, and less tapered than tracheids; when these disintegrate, they form a nonliving conduit with pits through which water can flow | ||
| sugars and other organic materials are transported in these long, narrow, sieve cells; lack a nucleus, ribosomes, and distinct vacuole, and cytoskeletal elements | ||
| have pores that facilitate the flow of fluid from cell to cell along the sieve tube | ||
| connected to the sieve-tube element by plasmodesmata, its nucleus and ribosomes serve both itself and the sieve plates it's attached to | ||
| growth occurs throughout the plant's life | ||
| growth stops after reaching a certain size | ||
| complete their life cycle in a year or less; Eg. many wildflowers and most staple food crops | ||
| complete their life cycle in two growing seasons; Eg. radishes and carrots | ||
| Live many ears; Eg. trees, shrubs, and some grasses | ||
| perpetual embryonic tissues in plants | ||
| located at the tips of roots and shoots and in the axillary buds of shoots, allow plants to grow in length | ||
| allows roots to extend throughout the soil and shoots to increase their exposure to light | ||
| growth in thickness, caused by the activity of lateral meristems | ||
| parts of it are the vascular cambium and cork cambium; these cylinders of dividing cells exend along the length of roots and stems | ||
| adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem | ||
| replaces the epidermis with the thicker, tougher periderm | ||
| the result of plant growth from apical meristems | ||
| protects the delicate apical meristem as the root pushes through the abrasive soil during primary growth; also secretes a polysaccharide slime that lubricates the soil around the tip of the root | ||
| the innermost layer of the cortex that forms the boundary with the vascular cylinder; regulates passage of substances from the soil into the vascular cylinder | ||
| lateral roots arise from these; the outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder, which is adjacen to and just inside the endodermis | ||
| leaves develop from this point; they are finger-like projections along the sides of the apical meristem | ||
| allows gas exchange between the surrounding air and the photosynthetic cells inside the leaf | ||
| regulate the opening and closing of the pore | ||
| the ground tissue of a leaf that is sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermal layers; consists mainly of parenchyma cells for photosynthesis | ||
| consists of the tissues produced by the vascular cambium (adds wood) and cork cambium (adds protective covering for the stem) | ||
| dots the periderm, allows cells withing a woody stem or root to exchange gases with the outside air | ||
| processes that lead to the development of body form and organization | ||
| microtubules in the cytoplasm become concentrated into a ring; this band disappears right before metaphase | ||
| the development of specific structures in specific locations | ||
| pattern formation is determined by this, in the form of signals that continuously indicate to each cell its location within a developing structure | ||
| the condition of having structural or chemical differences at opposite ends of an organism | ||
| the morphological changes that arise from transitions in shoot apical meristem activity | ||
| protein products of these genes are transcription factors that regulate the genes required for the conversion of the indeterinate vegitative meristems to determine floral meristems | ||
| regulat the development of characteristic floral patterns | ||
| a model of flower formation that identifies these three classes of genes direct the formation of the four tyoes of floral organ; according to this model, each class of organ identity genes is switched on in two specific whorls of the floral meristem |