Semester 2 Final Flashcards
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| 180262382 | During the period from 1450 to 1750 in Western Europe what was once an _________ society became a predominately a manufacturing economy. | agriculture | 0 | |
| 180262383 | List the major developments of Western civilization in the proper sequence | A. Renaissance B. Protagonist Reformation C. Absolute Monarchy D. Enlightenment | 1 | |
| 180262384 | Describe the characteristics of the Renaissance | A. had some relation with politics and commerce B. merchants improved banking and became more capitalist C. city-state leaders experimented with new political forms and functions D. Diplomacy changed-regular exchange of ambassadors for 1st time in West | 2 | |
| 180262385 | What were the primary differences between the Northern and Italian Renaissance | Italian A. Challenged medieval intellectual values and styles B. Painting became more realistic and human- centered C. Stressed humanism- focus on humans as center or intellectual and artistic endeavor Northern A. Classical styles in art and architecture became popular B. More religious | 3 | |
| 180262386 | Describe 16th century absolute monarchy | Except: the destruction of provincial governments | 4 | |
| 180262387 | ____________ held that government should promote the international economy in order to improve tax revenues and to limit imports from other nations | Merchantilism | 5 | |
| 180262388 | What was the Adam Smith's economic theory? | advocated: that the government avoid regulation in favor of the operation of individual initiative and market forces | 6 | |
| 180262389 | Explain how global trade network of the 15th century was different from that of previous eras. | In previous eras, most attention was given to the development of larger regional economies and cultural zones, rather than a truly global network | 7 | |
| 180262390 | List technological improvements introduced during the 15th century in Europe | Not: lateen sails | 8 | |
| 180262391 | What were the results of Europe's maritime dominance | not: all regions of Asia were for the first time subject to monopolization of trade by Western nations | 9 | |
| 180262392 | Why did the Spanish fail to hold a position of dominance in world trade? | Spain's internal economy and banking system were not sufficient to accomodate the bullion from the new world and laked significant manufacturing capability | 10 | |
| 180262393 | What were the relationships between Asian civilizations and the world commercial network of the 16th and 17th centuries? | not: China was able, thanks to the extensive of its coastal navy, to prevent the establishment of European ports. | 11 | |
| 180262394 | What was the state of the Russian economy immediately after the expulsion of the Mongols in the 15th century? | Russia had become a more purely agricultural economy dependent on peasant labor | 12 | |
| 180262395 | Explain the contact with the West during the reigns of the Ivan Czars | A. tsars realized that Russia's cultural and economic subordination to the Mongols had put them at a commercial and cultural disadvantage B. Established trading contacts with Russia C. Selling manufactured products in exchange for furs and other raw materials | 13 | |
| 180262396 | What were Peter the Great's political reforms? | A. recruit bureaucrats from outside aristocratic ranks and giving them noble titles to reward bureaucratic service B. tried to steamline Russia's small bureaucracy and alter military structure C. created well defined military | 14 | |
| 180262397 | What was the relationship between Catherine the Greats government and local administration? | They also accepted into their ranks newly emobiled officials chosen by tsars; however, most of the actual administration over local peasants, except for those on government run estates, was wielded by the noble landlords | 15 | |
| 180262398 | What was Catherine the Greats attitude toward the program of Westernization? | she tried to avoid the Westernization but however, she encouraged leading nobles to tour the West and send their children there for an education | 16 | |
| 180262399 | Compared to Western government how great a role did the Russian government play in economic development? | economic system led to protest, Western - oriented aristocrats such as Radishev were criticizing the regimes backwardness, peasant rebellions had occured | 17 | |
| 180262400 | Describe the type of men that conquered much of Latin American for Spain | A. the captains were led by force of will and personal power B. few were professional soldiers C. men on the make, hoping to better themselves and serve God by converting the heathen at the same time D. most were satisfied by grants of Indians | 18 | |
| 180262401 | Describe the nature of the economy in Spanish America | A. first mining economy with the exchange of America's precious metals for manufactured goods from Europe B. then begin to mimic New World economy as somewhat dependent area producing raw goods | 19 | |
| 180262402 | In what way did the importation of American bullion negatively affect the Spanish economy? | the arrival of American treasure contributed to a sharp rise in prices and a general inflation | 20 | |
| 180262403 | What was the primary difference between the spanish and portugese empires? | unlike the spanish empire that was almost exclusively american, the Portugese empire included colonies and outposts in Asia and Africa as well as Brazil | 21 | |
| 180262404 | What accounts for the general failure of 18th century colonial revolutions against Spanish and Portugese rule? | the various racial and social groups fearful of unsettling the social hierarchy failed to work together to unseat the colonial governments | 22 | |
| 180262405 | What were the similarities between the three Muslim early modern empires? | A. all had their origins in the Turkic nomadic cultures of the Central Asian steppe B. religious fervor and zeal for Islamic conversion were central to the rise of both the Ottoman and Safavid dynasties C. Each of the Muslim Empires were ruled by a succession of absolute monarchs whose imperial pretensions and were patterned after those of courtly rituals early Islamic dynasties | 23 | |
| 180262406 | What were the causes for the decline of the Ottoman empire? | Not: the addition of European military technology such as light artillery made the Janissaries so powerful that they could challenge the authority of the Sultan | 24 | |
| 180262407 | Why was the battle of Chaldiran in 1514 so important? | The safavids were dealt a devastating that checked the westward advance of Shi'ism and decimated the ranks of the Turkic warriors who had built the Safavid empire | 25 | |
| 180262408 | How did the Safavid economy compare to that of the Ottomans? | The Ottoman empire benefited in the short run from Non- Muslim traders who had extensive contacts with overseas empires that the Safavid empire lacked | 26 | |
| 180262409 | Describe the economy of the Mughal empire | European traders brought products from throughout Asia to exchange for the subcontinents famed cotton textiles | 27 | |
| 180262410 | Describe the relationships of the Muslim empires with the West (Europe) | none of the Islamic people systematically monitored technological advances in Europe, key tax revenue and merchant profits were drained off by the rise of European trading empires in Asia, Muslim scholars continued to take little interest in European learnings, failed to match the intellectual and material accomplishments fo the West | 28 | |
| 180262411 | Describe the early Portugese trade ports | located in El Mina | 29 | |
| 180262412 | Following the model established by the Portugese, describe the principal patterns of European contact with Africa | widespread European colonization | 30 | |
| 180262413 | ______ ________ was the term utilized for the commercial arrangement by which African slaves were shipped to the Americas, sugar and tobacco were carried to Europe and European manufactured goods were transported to Africa. | triangular trade | 31 | |
| 180262414 | Why did African slave trade end? | A. economic, political, and religious changes in Europe and in its overseas American colonies and former colonies B. englightenment, Africa began to export other commodities | 32 | |
| 180262415 | Why were the Europeans disappointed in the 16th adn 17th centuries when they arrived in Asia? | few asian people interested in Christianity not: Asian civilization seemed materially impoverished | 33 | |
| 180262416 | Why were the Portugese unwilling to exchange bullion for products within the Asian commercial system? | they were unwilling to both follow the informal rules and to for go the possibilities for profit that a sea route to Asia presented | 34 | |
| 180262417 | In what way did the Dutch and English participation within the Asian sea trading network change by the middle decades of the 17th century? | The demand for spices declined and their furtile efforts to gain control over crops such as pepper that were grown in many places became more and more expensive | 35 | |
| 180262418 | List the reforms introduced by the first Ming emperor | A. allowed scholars into high places B. made the education system better Not: family influence in the selection of men to the Chinese bureaucracy was eliminated | 36 | |
| 180262419 | List the policies imposed as a result of Japanese isolation in the 17th century | the Japanese elite abandoned all contact with Western learning and technological advance | 37 | |
| 180262420 | Describe the political philosophy of the Enlightenment | Enlightenment thinkers challenged regimes that did not grant full religious freedom or that insisted on aristocratic priviledge | 38 | |
| 180262421 | What were the causes of the French Revolution? | not: the church seeking greater power over the royal government | 39 | |
| 180262422 | What was the impact of the French Revolution on the rest of Europe? | not: the French Revolution and its subsequent empire created a general consensus after the defeat of France for a more liberal Europe | 40 | |
| 180262423 | What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain? | A. favorable natural resources B. late 18th century crisis C. Population pressure forced innovations at all social levels D. built on previous trends in Western society E. governments already commited to policies of economic growth | 41 | |
| 180262424 | What wa sthe political philosophy of Karl Marx? | not: in the aftermath of the victory of the proletariat, the state would emerge permanently as a powerful dictatorship | 42 | |
| 180262425 | List the aspects fo imperialism in the period following European industrialization | not: the absence of Christian missions | 43 | |
| 180262426 | Quarrels over the division of the colonial spoils were used to justify what? | arms buildup and general militarism | 44 | |
| 180262427 | When considering the internal economies of the European colonies, colonial economies were steadily reduced to dependence on the European-dominated ________ market | global | 45 | |
| 180262428 | The _______ _______ imposed Western concepts of property on Hawaiian land that had previously been shared by commoners and aristocrats | Great Mahele | 46 | |
| 180262429 | List the political principles associated with Latin American Liberals | stressed the rights of the individual and attacked the corporate structure of colonial society | 47 | |
| 180262430 | What were the characteristics associated with the "centralist" theory of government in Latin America? | strong, centralized national governments with broad powers | 48 | |
| 180262431 | What accounts for the economic stagnation in Latin America from 1820 to 1850? | the mining sector was slow to recover after the wars of independence not: absence of foreign markets for raw materials | 49 | |
| 180262432 | Describe the politicians that led Liberal governments in post- 1860 Latin America | not: the favored expansion of the franchise to Indians and mestizos who represented the "ancient" aspects of Latin American civilization | 50 | |
| 180262433 | Describe the economy of Latin America in the period from 1880 to 1920 | Latin America experienced a spurt of economic growth fueled by the increasing demands for raw materials, food stuffs, and tropical crops | 51 | |
| 180262434 | What were the weaknesses associated with the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century? | not: conversion of much of the population to christianity | 52 | |
| 180262435 | Describe the Muslim economy at the begining of the 18th century | there was in influx of Western manufactured goods that was steadily undermining the handicraft industries within the empire, and the dependence of European political rivals increased alarmingly | 53 | |
| 180262436 | European financiers lent money to the profligate successors of Muhammad Ali because they desired access to Egypt's cheap cotton an, by the 1850s, a sharein the _______ ______ | Suez Canal | 54 | |
| 180262437 | What was the result of the rebellion by Egyptian army officers in 1882? | the khedive called on the British to crush the rebellion resulting in British over lordship of Egypt | 55 | |
| 180262438 | What was the outcome of the Opium War? | China defeated; After 1st war- Lin forced and Qing emperor forced to sue for peace; Europeans had more control; Chinese foreign trade and customs overseen by British | 56 | |
| 180262439 | Describe the developments that Russia and Japan had in common up to the early 1900s | not: both russia and japan to achieved economic autonomy and a share in the West's core position | 57 | |
| 180262440 | By 1900 approximately half of Russian industry was foreign-owned by ________, _______, and ________ industrialists. | British, German, and French | 58 | |
| 180262441 | Describe Russian Marxism | Lenin introduced important innovations in Marxist theory, including theidia that a proletarian revolution could take place without going through a middle-class phase | 59 | |
| 180262442 | Describe the Tokugawa Shogunate in the 19th century | The Shogunate continued to combine a central bureaucracy with semi-feudal alliances with regional daimyos and the samurai | 60 | |
| 180262443 | What were the signs of significant social stress in industrialized Japan? | disputes between generations | 61 | |
| 180262444 | What were the events leading up to WWI? | A. assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand B. trouble between Austria and Serbia | 62 | |
| 180262445 | What were the features of war on the home front between 1914 and 1919? | A. trenches B. big statement C. use of artillery and poison gas | 63 | |
| 180262446 | What were the causes of the Great Depression? | A. new york stock market crashed B. many U.S. banks closed C. loans were not able to be called in | 64 | |
| 180262447 | What were the results of the peace treaties signed following WWII? | A. russia and germany were not resented B. france received the regions of Alsace adn Lorraine C. germany has to pay all the repremandeds D. military decreases E. Italy wanted territory but received little | 65 | |
| 180262448 | What phrase did Winston Churchill coin to describe the division between free and repressed societies after WWII? | Iron Curtain | 66 | |
| 180262449 | ___________ was the focal point of the Cold War in Europe immediately after WWII. | Germany | 67 | |
| 180262450 | The mid-1920s in Western Europe could best be described as a period of? | stability, even optimism | 68 | |
| 180262451 | What actions did governments take in 1929 with the onset of the depression? | National tariffs were raised to keep out the goods of their countries | 69 | |
| 180262452 | What were the factors leading to the development of fascism in Germany? | A. impact of depression B. shock of loss in WWI C. modern parliamentary traditions were new and shaky in any event | 70 | |
| 180262453 | What was Adolf Hitler's political program? | A. Fascism a. national socialist (aka Nazi) | 71 | |
| 180262454 | U.S. opposition to Soviet aggression in Western Europe was predicted on a ______ "umbrella" | nuclear | 72 | |
| 180262455 | Describe the German government after WWII. | became welfare state a. played vigorous role in economic planning and developing new social activity | 73 | |
| 180262456 | Why is the European Economic community a good example? | A. used to create a single economic entity across national political boundaries B. tariffs were reduced between the member nations C. common tariff policy was set for the outside world | 74 | |
| 180262457 | What distinguishes those regions referred to as the "Third World" from other societies? | lack of industrialization | 75 | |
| 180262458 | What were the reforms in the revolutionary constitution of 1917 in Mexico? EXCEPT | state takeover of poverty belonging to the Catholic Church | 76 | |
| 180262459 | Describe the revolution in Guatemala in 1954. | A. U.S. Central Intelligence (CIA), a dissident military force was organized and ivaded Guatemala B. Arbenz government fell C. Pro-American regime that replaced it turned back the land reform and negotiated a settlement favorable to the United Fruit Company | 77 | |
| 180262460 | Describe the outcome of the Cuban Revolution | the revolutionary government eventually announced its adoption of Marxist-Leninst leanings, broke off relations with the U.S., and introduced sweeping social reforms | 78 | |
| 180262461 | Describe the progress of democratization in Latin America during the 1980s. | A. despite return to democratic government in many Latin American countries B. problems with populist movements C. threats from military leaders D. inflation E. the drug trade weakened the new regimes | 79 | |
| 180262462 | U.S. president, ________ _______ introduced "Good Neighbor Policy" that promised to deal more fairly with Latin American countries and to halt direct military intervention. | Franklin Roosevelt | 80 |