Ch. 28, 30, 33 Vocab Flashcards

161077523	Balfour Declaration	British minister's promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine during World War I; issued in 1917	0
161077595	eastern front	Most mobile of the fronts established during World War I; lacked trench warfare because of length of front extending from the Baltic to southern Russia; after early successes, military defeats led to downfall of the tsarist government in Russia	1
161077664	western front	Front established in World War I; generally along line from Belgium to Switzerland; featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict	2
161077739	League of Nations	International diplomatic and peace organization created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I; one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member	3
161077820	socialism in one country	Joseph Stalin's concept of Russian communism based solely on the Soviet Union rather than the Leninist concept of international revolution; by cutting off the Soviet Union from other economies, the USSR avoided worst consequences of the Great Depression	4
161077900	Treaty of Versailles	Ended World War I (1919); provided for the League of Nations; also punished Germany with loss of territories and the payment of reparations as a result of their "war guilt"; Russia also lost territories with the reestablishment of Eastern European nations such as Poland	5
161077983	World Court	Developed during period of internationalization; permanent court of arbitration established at The Hague in 1899; intended to remove causes of war; failed to resolve problems of international conflict in 20th century	6
161078074	Alexander Kerensky	Liberal revolutionary leader during the early stages of the Russian Revolution of 1917; sought development of parliamentary rule, religious freedom	7
161078166	Red Army	Military organization constructed under leadership of Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background	8
161078263	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics	Federal system of socialist republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia; firmly controlled by Communist party; diminished nationalities protest under Bolsheviks; dissolved 1991	9
161078346	Solidarity	Polish labor movement formed in 1970s under Lech Walesa; challenged USSR-dominated government of Poland	10
161078428	Joseph Stalin	Successor to Lenin as head of the USSR; strongly nationalist view of Communism; represented anti-Western strain of Russian tradition; crushed opposition to his rule; established series of five-year plans to replace New Economic Policy; fostered agricultural collectivization; led USSR through World War II; furthered cold war with Western Europe and the United States; died in 1953	11
161078512	New Economic Policy	Initiated by Lenin in 1921; state continued to set basic economic policies, but efforts were now combined with individual initiative; policy allowed food production to recover	12
161386801	Indian National Congress party	Grew out of regional associations of Western-educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period	13
161386802	Lord Cromer	British adviser in khedival Egypt; pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate the debts of the khedival regime	14
161386803	Montagu-Chelmsford reforms	Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919	15
161386804	Morley-Minto reforms of 1909	Provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-Indian legislative councils	16
161386805	Muslim League	Founded in 1906 to better support demands of Muslims for separate electorates and legislative seats in Hindu-dominated India; represented division within Indian nationalist movement	17
161386806	Theodor Herzl	Austrian journalist and Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state	18
161386807	mandates	Governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I; Britain occupied mandates in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine after 1922	19
161386808	négritude	Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements	20
161386809	Rowlatt Act	Placed severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919	21
161386810	Wafd party	Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles Treaty negotiations following World War I; led by Sa'd Zaghl[[auumlaut]]l; negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence beginning in 1922	22
161386811	B. G. Tilak	Believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiosity; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; offended Muslims and other religious groups; first Populist leader in India	23
161386812	Zionism	Movement originating in Eastern Europe during the 1860s and 1870s that argued that the Jews must return to a Middle Eastern Holy Land; eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine	24
161389777	Mohandas Gandhi	forged a localized protest into a sustained all-India campaign against the policies of the colonial overlords; remarkable appeal to both the masses and the Western-educated nationalist politicians; advocated peaceful boycotts, strikes, noncooperation, and mass demonstrations	25