AP World History-India Flashcards

218094737	The Mauryan Dynasty/ Temporary unification of India	-520 BCE Darius (Persia) crossed Hindu Kush mountains, conquers parts of northwestern India -Kingdom of Gandhara in the northern part of Pakistan -Introduced local rulers to Persian techniques of administration	0
218094738	Megasthenes	-Lived in India during the late 4th century and early 3rd century BCE -Wrote Indika -Wrote many stories	1
218094739	Marriage in Gupta Empire	-Child Marriages -Young girl betrothed to men much older -Once reached puberty officially married	2
218094740	Ashoka Maurya	-Reigned 268-232 BCE - Supported Buddhism -Tightly organized bureaucracy -Kalinga only independent region (created difficulties for Ashoka) -Took over Kalinga in 260 BCE in bloody campaign -Estimated 100,000 Kalingans killed & 150,000 driven from their homes, untold numbers persished _Better known as governor than a conquerer Ruled almost entire subcontinent Encouraged trade through roads	3
218094741	Financial Suffering	-Led to the decline of the Mauryan Empire	4
218094742	Moksha	-Dharma-obedience to religious and moral laws -Artha- pursuit of economic well being and honest prosperity -Kama- enjoyment of social and physical interactions -Proper balance of above three would help achieve Moksha	5
218094743	Castes	-Brahams/Priests- Intellectual & spiritual leaders -Kshatriya/Warriors and Aristocrats- protectors of society -Vaishyas/Merchants,farmers,artisans-skilled producers -Shundras-unskilled labor -Untouchables-outside of caste system	6
218094744	Hinduism	-Mahabhorata-secular poem revised by brahman scholars to honor god(Vishnu), preserver of the world(Ramayana) -Secular story of Rama and Sita -Changed into Hindu story	7
218094745	The Dharma	-Four noble truths and noble eightfold path are the way to suffering -Suffering cause desire -Religious goal: personal salvation(nirvana), a state of perfect spiritual independence	8
218094746	Mahayana Buddhism	-Development between 3rd century BC and 1st century CE -Buddha became god -Boddhisatva- "an enlightened being" -Monasteries accept gift from wealthy individuals -Educational institutions promoted new faith	9
218094747	Hindu Ethics	-Achieve salvation through meeting caste responsibilities -Lead honorable lives in the world -Hinduism gradually replaced Buddhism in India	10
218094748	Chandragupta Maurya	-Began conquests in 320 BCE -Laid foundation for the Mauryan empire -Began seizin control of small, remote regions of Magadha then worked towards center -By 321 BCE he had overthrown the ruling dynasty and consolidated his hold on the kingdon -Moved in punjab and brought northwestern India under his control -By end of 4th century BCE empire went from all of northern India to Indus to Ganges	11
218094749	Alexander of Macedon	-In 327 BCE, crossed the Indus River and crushed the states he found there -Remained in India for only short time after -Left India in 325 BCE -Created political vacuum in northwestern India by destroying existing states then withdrawing his own force	12
218094750	Appeal of Buddhism	-Appealed strongly to members of lower castes -Did not recognize hierarchies -Less demanding then Jainism -Made it more popular -Vernacular tongues -Holy sites venerated by pilgrims -Monoastic organization- ways of spreading the message -Ashoka converted and became important patron of Buddhism	13
218094751	Early Buddhism	-Siddharta Gautama (563-483 BCE) became Buddha -Gave up comfortable life in search for cause of suffering -Received enlightenment under the bo tree -First sermon about 528 BCE -Organized followers into community of monks	14
218094752	Pataliputra	-Thriving cosmopolitan city -Local committee looked after foreigners -Went to great lengths to make sure his subordinates implement his policies -Central treasury oversaw efficient collection of taxes -Result of his policies, the various regions of India became well intergrated	15
218094753	Chandragupta's Government	-Kautalya devised procedures for the governance of Chandragupta's realm -Some of his advise survives in Ancient Indian political head book known as Arthashastra -Outlined methods of administering the empire, overseeing trade and agriculture, collecting taxes, maintaining order, conducting foreign relations, and waging war -Advised Chandragupta to make abundant use of spies like prostitutes -Bureaucratic administrative system	16
218094754	Guptas	-Greek speaking Bactrians- ruled in northwest India for 2 centuries -Kushans conquered and ruled 1-300 CE -Emperor Kashika (78-103 CE) -Crucial role in silk road trading	17
218094755	Gupta Dynasty	-Founded by Chandra Gupta (375-415 CE) -Smaller, more decentralized than Maurya -Invasion of white huns weakened empire -After 5th century dynasty continued in name only -Large regional kingdoms dominated politics	18
218094756	Towns and Trade	-Towns all over India countryside after 600 BCE -Towns provided manufactured products and luxury goods -Active marketplaces especially along Ganges -Trade with Persia, China, Indian Ocean Basin, Indonesia, Southeast Asia, Mediterranean	19
218094757	Family Life/ Caste System	-Patriarchal families, female subordination, child marriage -Development of Caste System -With trade new social groups of artisans, craftsmen, and merchants appeared -Subcastes or jati -Vaishyas and Shundras saw unprecedented wealth -Old Aryan beliefs and values became irrelevent	20
218094758	Jainism	-Vardhamana Mahaura (Jina) founded relation in 5th century BCE -Everything has a soul - Too demanding -Purify oneself to attain bliss *Ahimsa-nonviolence - Individual souls equally participate in ultimate reality -Jains did not recognize hierarches of caste and jati	21
218094759	Bhagavad Gita	-Short poetic work: dialogue between Vishnu and warrior -Illustrated expectations of Hinduism and promise salvation	22
218094760	Magadha	-Located in the central portion of the Ganges plain -Regional kingdoms in valley of the Ganges became wealthy as worker turned forests into fields -Trade became prominent -During the next two centuries the kings conquered the neighboring states	23