Chapter 22: The Early Industrial Revolution Flashcards

60456486	Industrial Revolution	The transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, and innovations in transportation and communication.	0
60456487	agricultural revolution	The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and the consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants and sharecroppers were forcibly expelled.	1
60456488	mass production	The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks	2
60456489	Josiah Wedgwood	English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods.	3
60456490	division of labor	A manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers. Pioneered in the pottery works of Josiah Wedgwood and in other eighteenth-century factories, it greatly increased the productivity of labor and lowered the cost of manufactured goods.	4
60456491	mechanization	The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities.	5
60456492	Richard Arkwright	English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin many strong cotton threads at once.	6
60456493	Crystal Palace	Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age.	7
60456494	steam engine	A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion.	8
60456495	James Watt	Scot who invented the condenser and other improvemts that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation.	9
60456496	electric telegraph	A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s and replaced telegraph systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores.	10
60456497	business cycles	Recurrent swings from economic hard times to recovery and growth, then back to hard times and a repetition of the sequence.	11
60456498	laissez faire	The idea that government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs.	12
60456499	mercantilism	European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country.	13
60456500	positivism	A philosophy developed by the French count of Saint Simon. This philosophy said that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method, leading to continuous progress.	14
60456501	utopian socialism	A philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century which hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively.	15