Chapter 6- Islam Flashcards

202993005	islam	Major world religion having its origins in 610 c.e. in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literally submission; based on prophecy of Muhammad	0
202993006	allah	Supreme God in strictly monotheistic Islam	1
202993007	muslims	Followers of Islam	2
202993008	Muhammad	Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 c.e. and thereafter; died in 632	3
202993009	Qur'an	Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam	4
202993010	bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam	5
202993011	shaykhs	Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children	6
202993012	Mecca	City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam	7
202993013	Quraysh	Tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca	8
202993014	Medina	Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hijra)	9
202993015	Khadijah	first wife of muhammad	10
202993016	Ali	Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'is	11
202993017	Umayyad	Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam	12
202993018	Ka'ba	Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam	13
202993019	Umma	Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity	14
202993020	Zakat	Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims	15
202993021	Five Pillars	The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj	16
202993022	Caliph	The political and religious successor to Muhammad	17
202993023	Ali	Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'is	18
202993024	Abu Bakr	first caliph after death of muhammad	19
202993025	Ridda	Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam	20
202993026	Jihad	Islamic holy war	21
202993027	Uthman	Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan	22
202993028	Siffin	battle fought in 657 between forces of ali and umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of ali's party	23
202993029	Mu'awiya	Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayya[[adot]]d caliph following civil war with Ali	24
202993030	Sunni	Political and theological division within Islam; followers of the Umayyads	25
202993031	Shi'a	Political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali	26
202993032	Karbala	Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'i resistance to Umayyad caliphate	27
202993033	Mawali	Non-Arab converts to Islam	28
202993034	Jizya	Head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories	29
202993035	Dhimmis	Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus	30
202993036	Abbasids	Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 c.e	31
202993037	Wazir	Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire	32
202993038	Ayan	The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule	33