AP World History Test Flashcards

Vocabulary, Terms, Dates, and People

212063772	Sharia	the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed (Islamic Law)	0
212063774	Ulama	Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies.	1
212063776	Umma	the Muslim community or people, considered to extend from Mauritania to Pakistan	2
212063778	Madras	a city in Tamil Nadu on the Bay of Bengal, , a plaid cotton material	3
212063780	Madrasas	Islamic institutions of higher education that originated in the tenth century. By the twelfth century they had become established in the major cities of the Islamic world.	4
212063782	Dhimmi	Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists. A person of a non-Muslim religion whose right to practice that religion is protected within an Islamic society (during Mughal and Ottoman empires)	5
212063784	Caliph	the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth	6
212063786	Imam	religious guide (Islam)	7
212063788	Hajj	the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Qadah	8
212063790	Islam	A monotheistic religion that developed in Arabia in 7th century, means "submission to the will of Allah". It is the religion of Muslims collectively which governs their civilization and way of life.	9
212063792	Muslim	A follower of Islam, means "one who has submitted".	10
212063794	Quran	the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina	11
212063797	Sufism	An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a. Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin.	12
212063799	Caravansaries	inns offering lodging for caravan merchants, as well as food, water, and care for their animals.	13
212063801	Gadis	unmarried woman (?)	14
212063803	Sunni	A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad	15
212063806	Shia	A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad	16
212063808	Bedouin	Arab nomads, that were organized into "families" or clans. Had a strong sense of loyalty to their clans and guarded their common interests with determination. Clan identities and loyalties survived for centuries after the appearance of Islam.	17
212063810	Jizya	tax paid by Jews and Christians under Muslim rule. It allowed them to keep their religious laws, and retain the right to practice their own religion.	18
212063812	Muhammad (PBUH)	the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)	19
212063814	Abu Bakr	Companion of 1st Muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful successor. The Shia regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpreter of dreams following Muhammad's death.	20
212063816	Khadija	Muhammad's wife; a wealthy widow whom he married about the year 595	21
212063818	Ali	the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites; he was a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; after his assination Islam was divided into Shiite and Sunnite sects	22
212063820	Ibn Rushd	Muslim philosopher who blended Aristotle and Plato's views with Islam	23
212063822	Al- Ghazali	Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by Ulama	24
212063825	Harum al- Rashid	high point of Abbasid dynasty came during his reign; caliph. (786-809); brought reliable tax revenues from most parts of the empire; Baghdad became a center of banking, commerce, crafts and industrial production	25
212063827	Abu al- Abbas	the chief leader of the rebellion that brought the Umayyad Dynasty to an end; a descendant of Muhammad's uncle; he was a Sunni Arab but allied readily with Shias and with Muslims who were not Arabs	26
212063829	Constantine	Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)	27
212063832	Justinian	Byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire against the Persians; codified Roman law; built the Hagia Sophia, walls, and the Hippodrome; issued Corpus iuris sivilis (Body of the Civil Law)	28
212063834	Theodora	the wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt.	29
212063836	Belisarius	one of Justinian's most important military commanders during period of reconquest of Western Europe; commended in North Africa and Italy	30
212063838	Charlemagne	King of the Franks; Holy Roman Emperor (800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival. (250)	31
212063840	Otto of Saxony	Established the Holy Roman Empire. Pope John XII proclaimed him HRE in 962. Aggressively built his state. Defended Papal states from Lombards twice.	32
212063842	Leo III	Believing that icons encouraged superstition and idol-worship, in A.D. 726 this emperor ordered all icons removed from the churches; Byzantine Emperor	33
212063844	St. Basil of Caesarea	patriarch of Constantinople during the mid 4th century, urged monasteries to enhance their effectiveness (329-379 C.E.)	34
212063846	Prince Vladimir	Ruler of Kiev who converts to eastern orthodox christianity rather than roman catholic; influenced Russians to convert to Christianity.	35
212063848	St. Cyril	a missionary sent by the Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans; converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity; responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic	36
212063851	Theme System	700-1300, This system divided the Byzantine Empire into different districts that were each led by a general, they were created so that the military could respond quickly to attacks, also peasants who joined the army were given plots of land, thereby increasing the free peasant class.	37
212063853	Theme System Collapse	1100	38
212063855	Umayyad Damascus	650-750; First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate., an ancient city (widely regarded as the world's oldest) and present capital and largest city of Syria	39
212063858	Constantinople	Eastern Capitol, Emperor Constantine,AD 330 moved the capital from Rome to the Greek city Byzantium in the east, and renamed the city. This city became the capital of the Roman empire. It was strategically located for trade and defense purposes.	40
212063860	Iconoclasm	a challenge to or overturning of traditional beliefs, customs, and values, any movement against the religious use of images	41
212063862	Silk Production	stimulated economy, practice stolen from china by monks, major product of China, closely kept secret	42
212063864	Bezant	600- 1200, a gold coin of the Byzantine Empire	43
212063866	Islamic Pressure	650	44
212063867	Iconoclastic Controversy	750, debate between opponents and defenders of icons in the Byzantine Church; one of the issues that led to the split of the Christian church in 1054; schism between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Church	45
212063868	Charlemagne Crowned Emperor	France 800	46
212063869	Cyril and Methodius	850, Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and the Balkans; responsible for creating the Slavic written script called Cyrillic (Cyrillic alphabet)	47
212063870	Bulgar Conversion to Christianity	880	48
212063871	Otto of Saxony Crowned Holy Roman Emperor	962	49
212063872	Vladimir (Kievan Rus) converted to Christianity	989	50
212063873	Basil's Death	collapse begins 1025	51
212063874	Final Schism	1054, destroyed hope for a united christian church	52
212063875	Battle of Manzikert	1071, Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine armies in this battle in Anatolia; shows the declining power of Byzantium.	53
212063876	Council of Clermont	1095, a meeting that took place where pope urban II urged bishops and nobles to support a war against the Muslims	54
212063877	Jerusalem Captured	1099	55
212063878	Saladin Recaptures	1187	56
212063879	4th Crusade sacks Constantinople	Venetian influence 1204	57
212063880	Mongolians Destroy Seljuk	destroyed Kiev nomads from central Asia lead to a centralization and unity between people set up Moscow which becomes a major city	58
212063881	Ottoman Rise	1200	59
212063882	Mongolian Rule	1250	60
212063883	Battle of Kosovo	1389	61
212063884	Timur Lame Interruption	1402	62
212063885	Sultan Bayazid lay siege to Constantinople	1420	63
212063886	Sultan Mehmed II captures Constantinople	1453	64
212063887	Moscow	Declared status of 3rd Rome 1480	65
212063888	Rome Renaissance	from the late 15th to the mid-16th centuries, when the Papal city was the most important place of artistic production of the entire continent with masters who left an indelible (unforgettable) mark on Western figurative art	66
212063889	Kiev	Trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century. Political center of eastern Slav. It established political and social relations with Byzantine Empire. Later it was overthrown by Mongols.	67
212063890	dar al-Islam	Arabic term meaning "house of Islam" and refers to lands under Islamic rule	68